Chapter 1 Flashcards
Evolution can occur through ____ in our environment, and ______ ______.
changes // natural selection
A reflex is _____ between a specific _____ and a simple ______.
relation/relationship // event/stimulus // behavior/response
A reflex is not a kind of behavior, but a _____.
relationship
Reflexes are subject to ______ which means an increase in the strength of the reflex response, and ______ which means a decrease in the strength of the reflex response.
sensitization // habituation
Modal action patterns differ from reflexes in that MAPs involve the ______ organism and are more ____ and ____.
whole/entire // complex // variable
Modal action patterns are a series of _____ ___found in all or nearly all members of _____.
related acts // species
A particular kind of event that triggers/elicits a MAP is called a ____.
releaser
The chief problem with natural selection is that it is ____.
slow
The chief limitation of _____ _____ as a mechanism for coping with change is that it is ____.
natural selection // slow
Natural selection helps the species to adapt to ____, not the ______.
change // individual
Darwin likened natural selection to the ______ ______ of animals.
artificial selection/breeding
Behavior is anything an organism does that can be _____.
measured
A ______ is an environmental event that is capable of affecting behavior.
stimulus
Habituation involves a _____ in the probability or intensity of a response.
decrease
______ is a reduction in the probability of a response due to ______ ______ to a stimulus that elicits that response.
Habituation // repeated exposure
Sensitization involves an _______ in the probability or intensity of a reflex response.
increase
Kuo`s experiment showed that whether cats killed rats depended on whether they ………….
saw their mothers kill rats.
Learning is a change in _____ due to ______.
behavior // experience
Learning ability evolved because it had _____ ____.
survival value
_____ can be thought of an evolved modifiability.
Learning
The color red is a ______ for _____ in the male stickleback.
releaser // aggression
The fox-breeding study ______ _____ foxes on the basis of behavior.
selectively mated
The human fondness for sugar and ____ illustrates that behavior that has survival value at one time may be ______ at another time.
salt // harmful
The sight of a chick with an open mouth reliably results in an adult bird providing food. The chick`s open mouth is an example of ______ (which then sets of _____).
releaser // modal action pattern/MAP
In the Blind Watchmaker, Dawkins suggests that the arrangement of the _____ on a beach demonstrates how order can come out of disorder without intelligent intervention.
pebbles
Peter and Rosemary Grant demonstrated natural selection in finches on the Galapagos Islands. They found that during drought, the number of finches with larger beaks ______, while the number of birds with smaller beaks _____.
increased // fell
An aversive event is one that an organism ordinarily ____ or _____.
escapes // avoids
Three kinds of behavior are strongly affected by genetics and therefore by natural selection. These are _____, _____ and general ______ _____.
reflexes // modal action patterns/MAPs // behavior traits
