Chapter 4

Question 1

Bioenergetics

Answer 1

The study of energy in the human body.

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. Metabolism is the process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body.

Question 3

Exercise metabolism

Answer 3

The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.

Question 4

Substrates

Answer 4

The material or substance on which an enzyme acts.

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

Organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which include starches, cellulose, and sugars, and are an important source of energy. All carbohydrates are eventually broken down in the body to glucose, a simple sugar.

Question 6

Glucose

Answer 6

A simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbohydrates, fat, and to a lesser extent protein; it serves
as the body’s main source of fuel.

Question 7

Glycogen

Answer 7

The complex carbohydrate molecule used to store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle cells. When energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells.

Question 8

Fat

Answer 8

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Fats help the body use some
vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In food, there are two types of
fats, saturated and unsaturated.

Question 9

Triglycerides

Answer 9

The chemical, or substrate, form in which most fats exist in food as well as in the body

Question 10

Protein

Answer 10

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur, and that have several essential biologic compounds.

Question 11

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 11

The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids.

Question 12

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 12

Energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body.

Question 13

Adenosine diphosphate

Answer 13

A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which ATP is formed.

Question 14

β-oxidation

Answer 14

The breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits, called free fatty acids (FFAs), to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules, which then are available to enter the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of
additional ATP.

Question 15

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Answer 15

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after

exercise

Question 16

What are the three primary energy systems?

Answer 16

the ATP-PC system, the glycolytic system, and the oxidative system.

Question 17

What is the body’s favorite source of fuel?

Answer 17

Glucose

Question 18

What do carbohydrates break down into in the body?

Answer 18

Glucose

Question 19

What molecule does the body store in the liver and muscles that is used for energy when blood glucose is low?

Answer 19

Glycogen

Question 20

What happens when there is more glucose in the blood than cells can readily use?

Answer 20

it gets converted to triglycerides and stored on the body as fatty tissue.

Question 21

Where does glucose come from?

Answer 21

carbohydrates

Question 22

Is the ATP-PC energy system aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 22

anaerobic

Question 23

When does the body use the ATP-PC energy system?

Answer 23

when transitioning from a state of relative rest to exertion (the first 10-15 seconds of exercise)

Question 24

Is the glycolysis energy system aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 24

it’s both. It’s when carbohydrates are broken down and turned into ATP (energy)

Question 25

When does the body use the glycolysis energy system?

Answer 25

after the ATP-PC phase, 30-50 seconds

Question 26

Which energy system fuels the majority of regular daily activity?

Answer 26

The oxidative system

Question 27

Which system uses fats as a fuel source?

Answer 27

The oxidative system