Chapter 2 Flashcards
Human movement system
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.
Nervous system
The communication network within the human body.
Sensory function
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Integrative function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information and produce the appropriate response.
Motor function
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information after interpretation.
Proprioception
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and movement
Neuron
The functional unit of the nervous system.
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
Interneurons
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
Motor (efferent) neurons
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites.
Central nervous system
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.
Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.
Muscle spindles
Mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Golgi tendon organs
Mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Joint receptors
Mechanoreceptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
Skeletal system
The body’s framework; composed of bones and joints.
Bones
Structures that provide the resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.
Joints
Junctions of bones and connective tissues; where muscles cause movement to occur.
Axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.
Appendicular skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.
Remodeling
The process of resorption and formation of bone.
Osteoclasts
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (resorption).
Osteoblasts
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation.
Epiphysis
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production; one of the primary sites for bone growth.
Diaphysis
The shaft portion of a long bone.
Epiphyseal plate
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the growth plate.
Periosteum
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone except the articulating surfaces in joints.
Medullar cavity
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surface of bones.
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone which can be muscle attachment sites.
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.
Vertebral column
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion
Synovial joints
Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement; produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints.
Non-synovial joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, capsule, connective tissue, or cartilage.
Ligaments
Fibrous tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.
Muscular system
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton.
Epimysium
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.
Perimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Endomysium
The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
Sarcomere
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments.
Neural activation
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.
The Endocrine System
made up of the glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream and the receptors that interact with those biochemicals.
Catecholamines, such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine— are produced by what glands?
The Adrenal Glands
Which gland produces growth hormone?
The Pituitary Gland
Insulin and glucagon are secreted by what organ?
The Pancreas
Agonist
The prime mover for a movement… the muscle (or muscles) that provide(s) the main source of force generation.
Antagonists
create joint actions opposite to the prime mover
Type (1) Skeletal Muscle
Slow twitch, more resistant to fatigue, more capillaries
Type (2) Skeletal Muscle
Fast twitch, contract fast to generate more power. Less capillaries.
