Chapter 4

Question 1

The primary muscle of breathing is the _______.

Answer 1

diaphragm

Question 2

Other muscles attached to the chest wall will also contribute to the creating on this negative pressure, these include the _______ and _________ muscles.

Answer 2

sternocleidomastoid

scalene

Question 3

With each breath, the average adult takes in approximately ____ mL of air.

Answer 3

500

Question 4

__________, a by-product of aerobic metabolism and energy production, is released into the blood plasma.

Answer 4

Carbon Dioxide

Question 5

_______ respiration is the transfer of oxygen molecules from air to the blood.

Answer 5

External

Question 6

________ respiration is the movement, or diffusion of oxygen from the RBC’s into the tissue cells.

Answer 6

Internal

Question 7

Glucose is broken down into two ________ molecules, each of which enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy.

Answer 7

pyruvate

Question 8

________ is decreased oxygen level in the blood.

Answer 8

Hypoxemia

Question 9

_______ is deficient tissue oxygenation

Answer 9

Hypoxia

Question 10

Hyperventilation can cause ___________, which can be especially detrimental in the management of a TBI patient.

Answer 10

vasoconstriction

Question 11

Each molecule of glucose yields ____ ATP energy storing molecules when oxygen is available.

Answer 11

38

Question 12

Anaerobic metabolism only produces ___ ATP molecules.

Answer 12

2

Question 13

The right heart is called the _______ system and the left heart is called the _________ system.

Answer 13

Pulmonary

Systemic

Question 14

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________.

Answer 14

Pulse Pressure

Question 15

The volume of fluid pumped into the circulatory system with each contraction of the ventricle is called the __________.

Answer 15

stroke volume

Question 16

The volume of blood pumped into the system over one minute is called the __________.

Answer 16

cardiac output

Question 17

_________ fluid is located between the cell membrane and the capillary wall.

Answer 17

interstitial

Question 18

__________ fluid is the fluid inside the vessels.

Answer 18

Intravascular

Question 19

________ fluid is the fluid inside the cells.

Answer 19

intracellular

Question 20

The various proteins and minerals provide a high ________ pressure to help keep water from leaking out the walls of the vessels.

Answer 20

oncotic

Question 21

The human body is ____% water.

Answer 21

60

Question 22

Intracellular fluid accounts for ____% of body weight.

Answer 22

45

Question 23

_______ is the process by which solutes separated by a membrane to which the solutes are impermeable govern the movement of water across the semi-permeable membrane.

Answer 23

Osmosis

Question 24

The ____________ nervous system controls the fight-or-flight response.

Answer 24

Sympathetic

Question 25

The cardiovascular system is regulated by the vasomotor center in the __________.

Answer 25

medulla

Question 26

Three major categories of shock:

Answer 26

Hypovolemic

Distributive (Neurogenic, Psychogenic, Spetic, Anaphylactic)

Cardiogenic

Question 27

_________ is the most common cause of shock encountered in the prehospital environment.

Answer 27

Hypovolemic

Question 28

A decrease in ______ marks the switch from compensated to decompensated shock - a sign of impending death.

Answer 28

blood pressure

Question 29

Class 1 hemorrhage represents a loss of up to ____% of blood volume.

Answer 29

15

Question 30

Class 2 hemorrhage represents a loss of up to ______% of blood volume.

Answer 30

15 - 30%

Question 31

Class 3 hemorrhage represents a loss of up to _______ % of blood volume.

Answer 31

30 - 40%

Question 32

Class IV hemorrhage represents a loss of more than _____ % of blood volume.

Answer 32

40

Question 33

________ shock, or vasogenic shock occurs when the size of the vascular container enlarges without a proportional increase in fluid volume.

Answer 33

Distributive

Question 34

_________ shock occurs when a spinal cord injury interrupts the sympathetic nervous system pathway.

Answer 34

Neurogenic

Question 35

_______ shock is seen in patients with life-threatening infections, is another condition that exhibits vascular dilation.

Answer 35

Septic

Question 36

________ are released in response to the infection, cause damage to the walls of the blood vessels, peripheral vasodilation, and leakage of fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial space.

Answer 36

Cytokines

Question 37

_________ shock is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that involves numerous body systems.

Answer 37

Anaphylactic

Question 38

________ shock, or failure of the heart’s pumping activity.

Answer 38

Cardiogenic

Question 39

The triad of death is frequently described as __________, _________, and __________.

Answer 39

hypothermia
coagulopathy
acidosis

Question 40

The term _____ refers to impairment in the normal clotting capabilities of blood.

Answer 40

coagulopathy