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VIrology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

immunology?

A

study of the bodies defense against infection

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2
Q

Non-self materials are termed _____ (coined from their ability to cause antibody generation)

A

antigens

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3
Q

If an antigen has the potential to elicit an immune response it is termed an ________

A

immunogen

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4
Q

are all antigens immunogens?

A

no

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5
Q

immunity involves what 3 interrelated systems?

A
  1. Physical, chemical & thermal barrier systems
  2. Innate immune system
  3. Adaptive immune system
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6
Q

why is skin a good physical barrier?

A
  • tough
  • thick as callus
  • water proof
  • resident immune cells
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7
Q

mucosae is a physical barrier where?

A
  1. oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract
  2. respiratory trat
  3. urogenital tract
  4. ocular orbits
  5. middle ear
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8
Q

physiological barriers include s temperature which does what?

A

normal body temperature inhibits growth of many microorganisms

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9
Q

Elevated body temperature ______ is one of the most important defense mechanisms against infections

A

fever

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10
Q

Low_______ inhibits growth/attachment of most microbes and can kill them

A

ph

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11
Q

role of pepsin

A

digestive enzyme which hydrolyzes proteins

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12
Q

role of lysozyme

A

hydrolytic enzyme found in mucous secretions is able to cleave the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall

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13
Q

Lactoperoxidase

A

generates toxic superoxide radicals that kill microbes

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14
Q

chemical barriers include anti-microbial substances which directly destroy microorganisms through two ways:

A

defensins:

  • produced in the skin, respiratory tract, small intestine
  • damages cell membranes

surfactant proteins:

  • present in lungs
  • enhance the efficiency of phagocytosis
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15
Q

immune response

A

The responses against a potential infection is collectively called the

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16
Q

what is the difference between the innate immune repsonse and the adaptive immune response?

A

innate:

  • Immediately available to combat pathogens
  • Does not lead to lasting immunity
  • Non-specific
  • general response that can be mounted by any cell in your body
  • germ line encoded
  • fast response
  • no memory

Adaptive immune response:

  • Developed during the lifetime of an individual
  • Leads to lasting immunity
  • Specific
  • slower response to mount
  • memory
  • specific to invading pathogen
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17
Q

what are the two types of antiviral immune responses?

A
  1. Humoral
    - B cells producing antibodies that specifically recognize the invading virus
  2. T cell-mediated
    - T cells with receptors that specifically recognize the virus-infected cell
18
Q

the immune system can remember seeing the virus and respond faster and stronger with its second exposure with ________ _____ cells and ___ -_____

A

memmory B cells and T cells

19
Q

the 1st step of Induction of the inflammatory response is?

A

Cytokines and chemokines stimulate the induced innate response

20
Q

the 2nd step of Induction of the inflammatory response is?

A

Induced innate immune response occurs if primary response is unsuccessful

21
Q

the 3rd step of Induction of the inflammatory response is?

A

The adaptive immune response is initiated IF the innate response fails to eliminate the pathogen

22
Q

describe the innate immune response

A
  1. front line of defense against viral infection

2. acts as a bridge stimulating the adaptive immune response

23
Q

cell based immunity includes what cells?

A
  • type I IFNs and ISGs
  • specialized cells
  • phagocytes, neutrophils
  • NK cells
  • NK T cells and B1 cells
24
Q

describe cell based immunity

A
  • motifs produced by the virus ( Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs))
  • PAMPs essential for virus replication and do not change rapidly or cannot change
  • Recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by the cell (germ line encoded)
  • PRR/PAMP interaction triggers signaling cascades within the cell
25
Q

what are viral PAMPs?

A
  • surface proteins
  • glycoproteins and other envelope proteins
  • nucelic acids
  • Host mRNAs have 5’ caps
  • ssRNA molecules with 5’ triphosphates
  • long distance dsRNA molecules
26
Q

Host cell PRRs include

A
  1. RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)
  2. Nod-like receptors (NLRs)
  3. Class A scavenger receptors (SR-As)
27
Q

(*) macrophages do what ?

A
  • phagocytosis and activation of bacterial mechanisms

- antigen presentation

28
Q

(*) dendritic cells do what?

A

antigen uptake in peripheral sites

- atigen presentation

29
Q

dendrtic cells form bridges between ________ and ______

A

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

30
Q

(*) neutrophils

A

phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

31
Q

(*) eosinophil

A

killing of antibody coated parasites

32
Q

(*) basophils

A

promotion of allergic responses and augmentation of anti parasitic immunity

33
Q

(*) mast cells

A

release of granules containing histamine and activate agents

34
Q

natural killer cells are activated by ______ and _______

A

cytokines and by oposonisation

35
Q

NK cell activity is controlled by a balance between _____ and _____ signals

A

activating and inhibitory

36
Q

what are cytokines?

A
  • Small molecules (~25kD) released by a variety of cells in response to activating stimuli
  • Bind to specific receptors on other cells and thereby influence their behaviour
  • Chemical messengers of the immune system
37
Q

what are the cytokines families

A
  1. Hematopoietin family (~50 members)
  2. Tumor necrosis family (TNF)
  3. Interferon family (IFN)
  4. Chemokines
38
Q

cytokines can have ___ and ____ effects

A

local, systemic

39
Q

what are interferons?

A
  • Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines and are essential for immune responses
  • Anti-viral, anti-proliferative and immunoregulatory functions
40
Q

what are the 3 groups af interferons?

A
  1. Type I IFNs  α IFNs, β IFN
  2. Type II IFN  γ IFN
  3. Type III IFN  λ IFN
41
Q

what is the function of interferons?

A
  • Induce expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs)
  • Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) function as transcription factors to induce expression of ISGs
  • Cancer cells often possess defects in IFN singling
42
Q

what does type 1 IFN do?

A
  • Binds to the IFNAR on the surface of cells
  • Activates a signaling cascade (Jak/STAT)
  • Triggers to production of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs)
  • Leads to the establishment of an antiviral state

VIrology (5 decks)

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