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VIrology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Domain includes?

A

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

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2
Q

what does kingdoms include?

A 
monera
protists
fungi
plantae
animalia
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3
Q

what was added in 2012 for the 5 domain system?

A

prionobiota (accelular without nucleic acid) and virusobiota (accellular with nucleic acid)

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4
Q

order is derived from ______ -_________

A

common ancestor

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5
Q

what are the 4 orders that infect humans?

A
  1. mononegavirales
  2. nidovirales
  3. herpesvirales
  4. picornavirales
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6
Q

what is the ICTV cirteria for classification?

A
  1. Morphology of virions
  2. Physical properties of virions
  3. Properties of the genome
  4. Properties of proteins
  5. Lipids
  6. carbohydrates
  7. genome organization and replication
  8. antigenic properties (epitopes)
  9. biological properties
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7
Q

what is metagenomic?

A

analyzing genomic sequences in environmental samples, able to obtain sequences from non cultural organisms

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8
Q

what is the baltimore system?

A

morphological based classification system that places viruses into one of seven groups depending on a combination of their genome (RNA or DNA), strandedness (single-stranded or double-stranded), sense of genome (positive or negative) and method of replication

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9
Q

does the baltimore system handle complex viruses?

A

no

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10
Q

viruses may have _______ or ________ stranded ____ or _____

A

single, double, dna , rna

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11
Q

(+) sense genome are?

A

viral RNA is identical to viral mRNA and can be immediately translated into protein by the host cell machinery

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12
Q

(-) sense genomes are?

A

viral RNA is completely to mRNA and must be converted to (+) sense RNa by an RNA polymerase before translation

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13
Q

what are the 7 types of genomes?

A
  1. dsDNA genomes
  2. ssDNA genomes
  3. dsRNA genomes
  4. ssRNA genomes (+)
  5. ssRNA genomes (-)
  6. RNA genome that used reverse transcriptase to make DNA intermediate that is used to make the RNA genome
  7. DNA genomes with an RNA intermediate stage used to produce a DNA genomes
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14
Q

classifications categories for viruses that infect humans

A
  1. no enveloped (with helical capsid, with icosohedral capsid)
  2. enveloped (with helical capsid, with icosohedral capsid)
  3. complex (everything else)
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15
Q

Class 5 ssRNA has been subdivided into ______ and _________

A

segmented and non segmented

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16
Q

what are quasispecies?

A

within an infected individual there are a large number of variants with different genomic sequences

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17
Q

strains means?

A

variations within a subtype, share similar physiological effects

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18
Q

what are variants?

A

variations within a strain (differs between infected individuals)

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19
Q

*In viral taxonomy a virus family ends in…

A

Viridae

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20
Q

*You can classify viruses based on their?

A

all of the above

structure, genome type, genome sequence

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21
Q

*The definition for species is the same for animals and viruses. (T F)

A

F

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22
Q

*The definition for species is the same for animals and viruses. (T F)

A

F

23
Q

the smallest bacterial genome was around _________bp

A

490885

24
Q

__________ large DNA viruses thought to be the largest viruses

A

Nucleocytoplasmic (NCLDVs)

25
Q

New organism within an aquatic amoeba, first identified as a gram-positive bacteria due to size, could be what?

A

mimivirus

26
Q

what is the single species of mimivirus?

A

Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV)

27
Q

describe mimi virus

A

dsDNA virus
90% coding capacity
10%junk dna
1.2 million base pairs

28
Q

satelite virus resepmbles a replicative capable virus but needs a _____ virus co infecting the ______ cell to complete its replication cycle

A

helper, same

29
Q

what is the only known satelite virus of humans?

A

Parvoviridae AAV

30
Q

satellite viruses often have a _____ impact on the helper virus

A

negative, parasitic relationship

31
Q

how do satellite viruses work in absence of helper?

A

AAV integrates into the host genome and goes latent

32
Q

what are virusoids?

A
  • associate with plant viruses
  • no human examples
  • circular ssRNA
  • need helper to make structural proteins
  • formerly called satelite RNAs
33
Q

what are viroids?

A
  • Produce a range of diseases in plants
  • Circular RNA molecules (220-375 bp)
  • Smallest self-replicating infectious agents
  • Similar to virusoids, but can replicate without a helper virus
  • Belong to 2 families
    (Avsunvirodidae and Pospiviroidae)
34
Q

what is this describing:

Single stranded, but strands pair with other regions to form a tightly coiled structure
Protects the naked nucleic acids from nuclease degradation

A

viroids

35
Q

describe viroid replication

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase makes multiple copies of the viroid sequence in a row

36
Q

what is a concatamer?

A

moves around the circular sequence

37
Q

viroid RNA itself functions as a ______ to cut the nucleic acid

A

ribozyme

38
Q

describe the hepatitis delta virus

A
  • Circular, ssRNA genome
  • 1680 bp
  • Codes for two proteins
  • Needs helper virus, hepatitis B virus, to make structural proteins to form HDV particle
39
Q

replication defective viruses do not contain a complete ________-

A

genome

40
Q

replication defective viruses cannot replicate unless what?

A

there is a co-infection with a virus that can provide the functions missing from the defective virus

41
Q

RNA genome viruses replicate very quickly, and many produce ______ _________ ________during high multiplicities of infection (MOI) (ratio of virus titre to host cell)

A

defective interfering (DI) particles

42
Q

DI particles compete with the_______ -_____ for enzymes in the host cell

A

‘helper virus’

43
Q

what are two examples of mobile genetic elements?

A
  1. Bacterial plasmids
    ( Code for transfer-associated structures on the cell surface)
  2. Transposons (jumping genes)
    (Eukaryotic equivalent of plasmids)
44
Q

what are retrotransposons?

A
  • Homology to retrovirus genes
  • DNA in host genome that has an RNA stage during replication
  • DNA –> RNA (many copies) –>DNA via reverse transcriptase then inserted into genome
  • Some code for proteins
    (Some can assemble into virus-like particles)
45
Q

___% of human genome is retrotransposons

A

42

46
Q

what is an endogenous virus?

A
  • A DNA sequence derived from a virus and is present in the genome of a non-viral organism
  • Requires the virus sequence to be integrated into the genome
  • Can be a genetic fragment or entire viral genome (provirus)
  • Most common EVs are derived from retroviruses, which integrate into the nuclear genome of the host cell as part of their replication cycle
  • Account for ~8% of human genome
47
Q

most endogenous viruses infect _______ cells but can occasionally infect germline cells

A

somatic

48
Q

what are prions?

A
  • Actually an infectious protein
  • No nucleic acid present
  • (mutated protein PrPsc) structure change causes the formation of fibrils in the brain
49
Q

_____ now accepted as human form of BSE transmitted to humans from the consumption of contaminated tissue

A

vCJD

50
Q

*What is a satellite virus?

A

A virus that can’t replicate without a helper virus

51
Q

*What about hepatitis delta virus makes it like a viroid?

A

RNA genome with complex secondary structure

52
Q

*What is a concatamer?

A

A circular genome copied many times

53
Q

*Despite its size relative to other viruses, Mimivirus is still smaller than the smallest bacteria. ( T F)

A

F

54
Q
  • Creutsfeldt-Jacob disease can be inherited (familial) or contracted from consumption of contaminated tissue. What zoonotic disease was initially considered the source of BSE?
A

scrapie

VIrology (5 decks)

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