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SOCI5121 exam notes > Chapter 4 & 6: Institutions In Society > Flashcards

Chapter 4 & 6: Institutions In Society Flashcards

1
Q

What is religion?

A
  • Is the belief in & reverence for a supernatural power recognized as the creator & governor of the universe.
  • Every religion encompasses a range of practices, including sermons & ritual etc.
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2
Q

There are 2 components of religion:

A
  1. Function system
  2. Sacred substance.
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3
Q

What are the understanding of religion’s roots?

A
  • The word religion comes from the Latin religion.
  • fear of the supernatural.
  • Some scholars argue that this may stem from religare.
  • to bind together.
  • Religion- social cohesion & “glue” of society.
  • Durkheim & Weber paid special attention to religion.
  • Does religion only have positive influences on society?
  • Marx thought that religion was “the opium of the people.”
  • Do you think there has been changes to religious practices through the generations?
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4
Q

What are the 5 developments of South Africa’s diverse religions?

A
  1. Indigenous beliefs
  2. Religions introduced through immigration
  3. Missionary activities
  4. Binary tensions
  5. Dynamic relationship
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5
Q

What are the 5 sociological perspectives on religion?

A
  1. Study religion is a social phenomenon
  2. Focus on the social forces which formed religion
  3. Believe religion is an important function of society
  4. Are interested in all social forms of religion
  5. View religion as an institution which is integral to society.
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6
Q

What are the 3 components of religion in current society?

A
  1. A need for society
  2. Renewed interest in moral guidance
  3. Revalued as cultural resource.
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7
Q

What is fundamentalism?

A

Religious movement or POV that strictly holds to non- negotiable principles & is hostile to alternative views.

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8
Q

In favoring secularisation, Auguste Comte, believed that human history passes through 3 consecutive stages:

A
  • the first is the theological state where religious beliefs would be important.
  • the second is the metaphysical stage where philosophy is dominant.
  • is the final positivist stage science will be the leading principle.
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9
Q

What is religious fundamentalism?

A

A learned disposition & is dependent on the insight of privileged interpreters who thereby have considerable power in religious & non- religious matters.

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10
Q

What is the structural perspective?

A

Any view, approach or perspective in the social sciences which prioritizes social structure over individual cation or agency; structures can be identified lying behind appearances of social reality.

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11
Q

What is the functionalist perspective?

A

Theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equilibrium.

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12
Q

What is the functionalist perspective of religion in society?

A
  • religion can promote a sense of social cohesion & belonging.
  • religion strengthens society’s norms & values.
  • Religion gives meaning to human life.
  • Religion gives family life special meaning.
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13
Q

What is the dysfunctional effect that religion has in society?

A
  • Religion can encourage the subordination of women to men.
  • Religion can make it difficult to resolve political conflicts.
  • Religion can prevent change.
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14
Q

What is the conflict perspective?

A

The view that society is characterized by fundamentally antagonistic & opposing socio- economic classes; the continual dynamic tension between tension between major social groups is considered as the source of social change.

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15
Q

Explain the structuralist/ functionalist perspective:

A
  • worshipping society itself.
  • coping mechanism for stress.
  • providing answers to ultimate issues.
  • functional or dysfunctional effect.
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16
Q

Explain the conflict perspective:

A
  • alienation is to central religious practice.
  • opiate of the masses- alleviates the pain of daily living (suffering is a virtue).
  • religion distorts reality accept status quo.
  • a tool for oppression, control & exploitation.
  • critique- religion can’t contribute to change. Is this true?
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17
Q

Explain the interpretative perspective:

A
  • socially constructed belief system.
  • focusing on the relationship between religion & social change.
  • sinners and grace- determining what people do/ don’t do.
  • Calvinism- predestination (God decides all and we hope we are right- no real evidence).
  • Protestants- asceticism (acts now done for the idea of heaven- final goal).
18
Q

What is the monotheist?

A

Worshipping one God.

19
Q

What is polytheist religion?

A

Worshipping more than one God.

20
Q

What are the 8 common elements of religion?

A
  1. Belief system
  2. Community
  3. Myths
  4. Rituals
  5. Ethics
  6. Characteristics emotional experiences
  7. Material expression
  8. Sacredness
21
Q

Describe the church as religious organization:

A
  • churches are organizations with a strong intellectual & teaching tradition.
  • the church usually represents the country’s official religion & has a close relationship with the government.
  • it doesn’t tolerate challenges & therefore guards its monopoly on religious truth.
22
Q

Describe cults as a religious organization:

A
  • the beliefs that members of a cult are vague & members tolerate individualistic beliefs.
  • the cult has a charismatic leader & a loose organizational structure.
  • their goal is to present the adherents of this religious formation with a spiritual experience.
23
Q

What are the 3 kinds of cults?

A
  1. Countercultural cults
  2. Personal- growth cults
  3. Neo Christian cults.
24
Q

Describe sects as a religious organization:

A
  • Sects are generally small organizations that reject aspects of the established religion.
  • they call for a return to purity- unblemished moral conduct.
  • they believe God is present and active in members lives.
25
Q

What is religious participation?

A

Must be distinguished from fewer preference & membership.

26
Q

What are the 5 dimensions of religiosity of such an attempt proposed by Charles Glock & Rodney Stark?

A
  1. Ideological dimension
  2. Ritualistic dimension
  3. Intellectual dimension
  4. Experiential dimension
  5. Consequential dimension
27
Q

What are the different types of family?

A
  1. Nuclear family
  2. Extended family
  3. Assisted family
  4. Modified extended family
  5. Surrogate families
  6. Single- parent family
  7. Joint family.
28
Q

What are the 5 households?

A
  1. Family household
  2. Non- family household
  3. Single- person household
  4. Stretched household
  5. Child- headed household.
29
Q

What are the 5 general types of society:

A
  1. Hunter- and- gathering
  2. “Primitive” horticultural
  3. Advanced horticultural
  4. Agrarian
  5. Industrial.
30
Q

What are the 5 family theories:

A
  1. Structural functionalism
  2. Conflict theory
  3. Feminist theories
  4. Rational choice & social exchange theory
  5. Life course approach.
31
Q

What are the 5 intergenerational relations:

A
  1. Childhood & youth
  2. Parenting
  3. Motherhood
  4. Fatherhood
  5. Grand parenthood.
32
Q

What are the 7 joining & dissolving families & households:

A
  1. Serial monogamy
  2. Nuptuality
  3. Polygamy
  4. Polyandry
  5. Single- parent households
  6. Heteronormativity & families
  7. How are families/ households dissolved?
33
Q

What are the 4 levels of domestic violence?

A
  1. Micro level
  2. Meso level
  3. Macro level
  4. Multidimensional models.
34
Q

What happens at the micro level of domestic violence?

A
  • focus on individual family members.
  • assumed psychopathology at individual level.
  • mental illness, alcoholism & hormonal imbalances.
35
Q

What happens at the meso level of domestic violence?

A
  • focus on relationships between family members.
  • socio- psychological models
  • traumatic binding theory & the resource theory.
36
Q

What happens at the macro level of domestic violence?

A
  • focus on larger structural aspects within society.
  • socio cultural models.
  • culture of violence theory & patriarchal- feminist theory.
37
Q

What happens at the multi- dimensional level of domestic violence?

A
  • focus on micro, meso & macro levels.
  • try to incorporate elements of all 3 levels.
  • general systems theory & ecological theory.
38
Q

What happens at the multi- dimensional level of domestic violence?

A
  • focus on micro, meso & macro levels.
  • try to incorporate elements of all 3 levels.
  • general systems theory & ecological theory.
39
Q

What is gender based violence?

A

Violence directed against a person because of that person’s gender or violence that affects persons of a particular gender disproportionately.

40
Q

What are the 4 types of child abuse?

A
  1. Neglect
  2. Physical
  3. Sexual
  4. Emotional
41
Q

What are the 8 elements of how violence affects children?

A
  1. Intimidation
  2. Isolation
  3. Emotional abuse
  4. Physical & mental affects
  5. Sexual stereotyping
  6. Threats
  7. Using children
  8. Sexual abuse.

SOCI5121 exam notes (8 decks)

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