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SOCI5121 exam notes > Chapter 15: Crime & Deviance > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Crime & Deviance Flashcards

1
Q

What is a crime?

A
  • A crime is an act or omission that breaks an existing law, is harmful to an individual or society as a whole & is punishable by law. Eg) killing, stealing.
  • Harm may be physical, financial or psychological damage caused to an individual (eg. Assault) or an adverse impact on society (eg. Increase public costs, affect public safety etc).
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2
Q

What is deviant behavior in sociology?

A

Deviant behaviour refers to conduct that departs significantly from the norms set for people in their social statuses.

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3
Q

What is formal deviance?

A

Deviance that breaks the law.
Eg) theft, speeding in your car, vandalism, tax evasion.

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4
Q

What is informal deviance?

A

Deviance that contravenes social norms.
Eg) swearing at your teacher, cheating in an exam, rudeness.

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5
Q

Explain the role of deviance in a functionalist society:

A
  • Functionalists argue that deviance is a necessary part of society, which contributes of the well- being of any society.
  • Durkheim argued that deviance is “inevitable” considering people come from all sorts of social backgrounds, it is bound to happen.
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6
Q

What is anomie?

A

Durkheim’s term for a social condition characterized by a breakdown in the norms governing society; the personal experience of dislocation in the absence of rules or when the individual falls outside existing social rules.

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7
Q

What are the 6 functionalists perspective on deviance?

A
  1. Conformity
  2. Innovation
  3. Ritualists
  4. Retreating
  5. Rebellion
  6. Critisms & defenses of Mertons theory of structural strain.
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8
Q

What are the 3 types of sub- cultures?

A
  1. Conflict sub- culture
  2. Criminal sub- culture
  3. Retreatist sub- culture
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9
Q

What are the main 3 topics of sub- culture?

A
  1. A delinquent sub- culture
  2. Working class sub- culture
  3. The underclass sub- culture
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10
Q

What is the conflict perspective on crime & deviance?

A

Laws are not an expression of value consensus but a reflection of ruling class ideology.

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11
Q

Crime is viewed as a natural outgrowth of capitalist society which generates crime for the following reasons:

A
  • the capitalist mode emphasises the maximization of profits & the accumulation of wealth.
  • economic self- interest rather than public duty motivates behavior.
  • competition breeds aggression, hostility, & for particularly for the losers, frustration.
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12
Q

What groups are most likely to be socially excluded?

A
  • the disabled
  • the poor
  • lone parents
  • young people
  • the elderly
  • women
  • ethnic minorities.
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13
Q

What are social exclusion examples?

A
  • homelessness
  • discrimination
  • classism
  • racism
  • gender bias.
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14
Q

What are inclusive societies?

A
  • secure employment
  • economic stability
  • citizenship rights
  • stable family life
  • sense of community
  • core values: work & family.
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15
Q

What are the 4 aspects of social control?

A
  • conformity & obedience
  • control through laws & socialisation
  • informal & forms of control
  • technology as a form of social control.
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16
Q

What are the 3 theories of the interactionist perspective?

A
  1. Cultural transmission theory
  2. Social disorganization theory
  3. Labeling theory.
17
Q

What is poverty?

A

Lacking material resources.

18
Q

What happens in poverty?

A
  • virtually all income is spent on food
  • lack of money
  • not knowing how to read
  • inadequate shelter
19
Q

What is social stratification?

A

Is a social hierarchy where individuals & groups are classified on the basis of wealth, occupation, education level, race or gender.

20
Q

What are the factors of social stratification?

A
  • economic status.
  • age stratification.
  • educational stratification.
  • religious stratification.
21
Q

Describe crime in South Africa?

A
  • one of the biggest challenges facing SA.
  • moving away from the exclusion of apartheid to the modern exclusion of todays society.
  • poverty and unemployment also contribute to the increase in criminal activities.
  • the strategy of ungovernability by the oppressed majority bred a culture of violent lawlessness & distrust of authority.
22
Q

What is the poverty datum line?

A

A technique for describing the theoretical minimum cost of living.

23
Q

What is the minimum living level?

A

The lowest sum possible on which a specific household size can live in our existing social set-up.

24
Q

What is the household subsistence level?

A

An estimate of the theoretical income needed by an individual household to maintain a defined minimum level of health and decency in the short term.

25
Q

What is the Gini coefficient?

A

Measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

26
Q

What is the human development approach?

A

Expanding the richness of human life, rather than simply the richness of the economy in which human beings live.

27
Q

What is poverty reduction?

A

Promoting economic growth that will permanently lift as many people as possible over a poverty line.

28
Q

What is poverty eradication?

A

The complete or near absence of people or households under the international poverty line in a given context.

29
Q

What is the structural & agency- based approaches for poverty?

A

As the percentage of people in vulnerable demographic or labor market circumstances increases, more poverty results.

30
Q

What are the millennium development goals?

A

Human capital, infrastructure and human rights (social, economic and political), with the intent of increasing living standards.

31
Q

What is relative deprivation?

A

The belief that a person will feel deprived or entitled to something based on the comparison to someone else.

32
Q

What is the capability approach to poverty?

A

Defines poverty as a deprivation of capabilities, as a lack of multiple freedoms people value and have reason to value.

33
Q

What is the human development index?

A

A summary measure of human development.

34
Q

What is the social exclusion approach to poverty?

A

A multidimensional and complex process through which individuals or groups are excluded from economic, social, political and cultural participation in society.

35
Q

What is the participatory approach to poverty?

A

A method to include poor people in the analysis of poverty with the objective of influencing policy.

36
Q

What is the money metric approach?

A

Measuring the risk of poverty is proposed.

SOCI5121 exam notes (8 decks)

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