Chapter 4-6: Infancy and Toddlerhood Flashcards
height nearly _____ in the first two years of life
doubles
weight ____ in the first two years of life
quadruples
what increases over the first year (temp regulation) then decreases
Baby fat
growth happens in what two patterns?
Cephalocaudal - head to tail
proximodistal - near to far
gross and fine motor skills are what development?
motor development
what is the dynamic systems theory?
motor skills develop based on multiple factors
what are the factors in dynamic systems theory?
CNS development, capacity for movement, goals, environmental supports
the brain more than _____ in size in the first year of life
doubles
what happens with growth in the brain?
new neurons, fibers, and synapses
what is programmed cell death?
neurons die off to make room for more connections
what is myelination?
glial cells coat fibers to speed up transmission
when does myelination happen a large amount?
near age 2
what is synaptic pruning
involves the removal of unnecessary or weak synapses, which are connections between neurons in the brain.
what is the purpose of synaptic pruning
To streamline brain function by eliminating redundant or inefficient synapses.
To refine neural circuits and adapt the brain to specific experiences.
the Cerebral Cortex is the…
main area for postnatal brain development
what is the last to full develop in the brain?
prefrontal cortex
what is lateralization
right brain/left brain
depends on experience, stimulation
how do we study infant brain development
electrocephalograms (electrodes recording cerebral activity)
ERPS are response to
particular stimuli
Near-infrared spectroscopy is
infrared light absorbed in cerebral areas
what are not feasible testing of young childrens brain
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission tomography (PET) because they need to stay still
Describe Habituation in Newborns Perception
Describe the elements development of Vision in the first two years
very poor in new borns, Depth perception, Patterns and faced, preferences - sex, race
Describe hearing development
begin developing musical preferences and understand where musical phrases and words begin and end
Describe Differentiation Theory
infants seek stable features in a changing world, and begin to identify patterns and relationships, always looking for possibilities for action
describe Development of learning
Conditioning, social learning
what are two types of conditioning
classical conditioning, operant conditioning
describe social learning
Modeling, learning by observation.
developed into social-cognitive theory
Describe Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage
learning by doing
begins by reflex and circular reactions and develops into goal-directed behavior
what do we develop to help us understand how the world works? what are we doing with them>
Schemas, constantly update
accommodation of schema is
updating schema to match the world
assimilating schema is
using them to interpret, reinforce current schema
organization of schema is
connecting various schema together
mental representations help us
think about things when they are not there, deferred immitation, make -believe
describe object permanence
Describe Information Processing Approach
mind as a computer analogy
what are possible explanations of Infantile Amnesia
language, schemas, brain development
what is chomskys language aquistion device
