Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is epithelium
The layer of cells that cover internal or external surfaces
What is cuboidal
Resemble hexagonal boxes from their apical surfaces
What is stratified
Containing many layers
What is serous
A cell that produces a serous excretion
What is endocrine
A gland that secrets hormones into the blood
What is Holocene
A form of exocrine secretion in which the secretory cell becomes swollen with vesicles and then ruptures
What is fibroblasts
Cells of connective tissue proper that produce extra cellular fibers and secrete the organic substances of the extra cellular matrix
What is adipose
Loose connective tissue dominated by adipocytes
What is connective tissue
One of the four primary tissue types; provides a structural framework that stabilizes the relative positions of the other tissue types; includes connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood: contains cell products, cells, and ground substance.
What is pseudostratified
An epithelium that contains several layers of nuclei but whose cells are all in contact with the underlying basement membrane
What is mucous
Indicating the presence or production of mucus.
What is exocrine
A gland that secretes onto the body surface or into a passageway connected to the exterior
What is a membrane
Any sheet or partition; a layer consisting of an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue
What is a chondrocyte
A cartilage cell
What is simple epithelium
An epithelium containing a single layer of cells superficial to the basement membrane
What is merocrine
A method of secretion in which the cell ejects materials from secretory vesicles through exocytosis
What is lamina propria
The reticular tissue that underlines a mucous epithelium and forms part of the mucous membrane
What is muscle tissue
A tissue characterized by the presence of cells capable of contraction; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue
What is collagen
A strong, insoluble protein fiber common in connective tissue
What is osteocyte
A bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone
What is squamous
Flattened
What is neuroglia
Cells of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system that supports and protects neurons; also called glial cells
What is apocrine
A mode of secretion in which the glandular cell sheds portions of its cytoplasm
What is fasciae
Connective tissue fibers, primarily collagen, that forms sheets or bands beneath the skin to attach, stabilize, enclose, and separate muscles and other internal organs
What is elastin
Connective tissue fibers that stretch and recoil, providing elasticity to connective tissues
What is lacunae
A small pit or cavity
What is intercalated disc
Regions where adjacent cardiocytes interlock and where gap junctions permit electrical coupling between the cells
What is tight junction?
Between two plasma membranes, adhesion belt attaches to terminal web, prevents passage of water and solutes, isolates wares in the lumen
What is gap junction?
Allow rapid communication, are held together by channel proteins connections, allow ions to pass
What are desosomes?
Tie cells together, allow bending and twisting, attaches cells to the basement membrane
What is the function of squamous epithelium
Absorption and diffusion
What is mesothelium
Squamous epithelium that lines body cavities
What is endothelium
Squamous epithelium lines heart & blood vessels
What is stratified squamous
Protects against attacks, keratin proteins add strength and water resistant
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium
Secretion and absorption
What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium
Sweat ducts & mammary ducts
What is the function of transitional epithelium
Tolerates repeated cycles of stretching & recoiling and returns to it previous shape without damage
What is the function of simple columnar
Absorption and secretion of mucus enzymes
What is the function of grandular epithelium
Endocrine glands- release hormones into interstitial fluid, no ducts
Exocrine glands- produce secretions, onto epithelium surfaces through ducts
What are the three connective tissue fibers?
Collagen, reticular, elastic
What are some characteristics of collagen?
Most common fiber, strong and flexible, long straight and unbranched, resist force in one direction.
Ex: tendons & ligaments
What are some characteristics of reticular fiber?
Strong and flexible, network of interwoven fibers, resist force in many directions, stabilize function of cells and structures.
Ex: sheaths around organs
What are some characteristics of elastic fibers?
Contain elastin, branched and wavy, return to its original shape after stretching
Ex: elastic ligaments of vertabrae
What is ground substance?
It’s a clear, viscous. It fills spaces between cells & slows pathogen movement.
What are some characteristics of fibroblasts
Secrete hyaluronan, and proteins form the proteoglycans that make ground substance viscous. They are ALWAYS present in connective tissue proper.
What are some characteristics of fibrocytes?
Second most abundant, they are spindle-shaped cells that maintain the connective tissue fibers of connective tissue proper
What are some characteristics of adipocytes?
Also known as fat cells. A single lipid droplet, pushes organelles to one side making a sectional view of the cell resemble a class ring.
What are some characteristics of mesenchymal cells?
They are stem cells, it responds to local injury or infection by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, or other connective tissue cells.
What are some characteristics of macrophages?
They engulf damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue, when stimulated, they release chemicals that activate the immune system and attract more macrophages. Fixed province a “frontline” defense that can be reinforced by the arrival of free macrophages and other specialized cells
What are some characteristics of mast cells?
Commons near blood vessels, the cytoplasm contains histamine and heparin. Histamine stimulates local inflammation. Basophils, blood cells that help with inflammation also contains histamine and heparin. Heparin- enhances the blood flow to reduce the development of blood clots.
What are lymphocytes?
Migrate through the body through connective and other tissues. The number increase wherever there is tissue damage. It MAY develop into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.
What are some characteristics of microphages?
Phagocytic blood cells that normally move through connective tissues in small numbers. They are attracted to the site of an infection or injury by chemicals released by macrophages and mast cells
What are melanocytes?
Synthesize and store brown pigment melanin. Most common in the epithelium of the skin. It determines skin color.
What are neurons?
Nerve cells the perform electrical communication
What are neuroglia?
Repair and supply nutrients to neurons
What are the cell parts of a neuron?
Cell body- contains the nucleus and nucleous
Dendrites- short branches that extend from the body and receive incoming signals
Axon- long thin extension, carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination
What are some characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Long and thin, called muscle fibers, do not divide, new fibers are produced by stem cells. Responsible for movement.
What are some characteristics of cardiac muscles?
Called cardiocytes, form branching networks connected at intercalated discs, regulated by pacemaker cells
What are some characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?
Found in the walls of hallow, contracting organs (blood vessels, urinary bladder, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
