Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is pinocytosis?
Endosomes filled with extra cellular fluid
What is phagocytosis
Phagosomes containing solid objects that may be as large as the cell itself. In this process cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia; surround the object and their membranes fuse to form a phagosome
What is exocytosis
A vehicle formed inside the cell fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane.
What is concentration gradient?
The difference between the high and low concentrations
Under what conditions gradients can be increased or decreased?
Distance, molecule size, temperature, electrical forces
What is osmosis?
Net diffusion of water across a membrane
What is osmotic pressure?
An indication of the force with pure water moves into that solution as a result of its solute concentration
What is isotonic?
A solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell
What is hypertonic?
Has more sokutes and gains water by osmosis; cell shrinks and shrivels; crenation
What is hypotonic?
Has less solutes and loses water through osmosis- cell swells; hemolysis
What is active transport?
A high energy bond- provides energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane- endocystosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, excytosis
What is passive transport?
Requires no energy- diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
What is mitosis?
The division of a single cell nucleus that provides two identical daughter cells nuclei and essential step and cell division
What is meiosis?
Cell division that produces gametes with half the normal somatic chromosome complement
What is differentiation
The gradual appearance ofcharacteristic cellular specialization during development as the result of gene activation or repression
What is the cytoplasm?
It is the material between the plasma membrane in the membrane that surrounds the nucleus
What are organelles?
They are structures to spend it with in the cytosol that perform specific functions for the cell
What is the cytosol?
It contains dissolved nutrients ions soluble and insoluble proteins and waste products
What is the cytoskeleton?
It is an internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility
What are microfilaments
They anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the plasma membrane in determining the consistency of the cytoplasm Actin can produce movement of a portion of a cell or change the shape of the entire cell by interacting with the protein myosin
What are intermediate filaments?
It strengthens the cell and help maintain its shape and stabilizes the positions of organelles and stabilizes the position of the cell with respect to surrounding cells
What are microtubules
They are the main portions of the cytoskeleton giving the cell strength in Ridgely and anchoring the position of the major organ else to microtubules change the shape of the cell and may assist in cell movement three microtubules can serve as a kind of monorail system to move vesicles or other organelles within the cell for during cell division microtubules distribute duplicated chromosomes 5 microtubules form structural components of organelles such as centriole and cilia
What are microvilli
They are finger shaped projections of the plasma membrane on their exposed surfaces
What are thick filaments
They are made of the protein myosin and they appear and all types of muscle cells were they produce powerful contractions by interacting with actin filaments
What are centrosomes
It is a region of the cytoplasm located next to the nucleus in a cell it is the microtubule organizing center of animal cells in the heart of the cytoskeleton system
What are centrioles
They aid in the formation of the spindle apparatus needed for the movement of DNA strands during cell division
What is cilia
They are fairly long slender extensions of the plasma membrane and are found in both the respiratory and reproductive trucks in at various other locations in the body
What is flagellum
It is the extension of the plasma membrane and is motile but much longer and beats like a wave like fashion and the only human cell with flagellum is a sperm cell
What are ribosomes
They are responsible for protein synthesis
What are free ribosomes
They are scattered throughout the cytoplasm in the proteins a manufacturer directly into the cytosol
What are fixed ribosomes
They enter the ER where they are modified and package for use within the cell or they are secreted from the cell
What are proteasomes?
They are organelles that contain an assortment of protein digesting enzymes are proteases; their job is to remove proteins from the cytoplasm
What is the endoplasmic reticulum
It is a network of intracellular membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope which surrounds the nucleus 1. it helps with synthesis 2. Storage- can store synthesized molecules or materials absorbed from the cytosol
- Transport- materials can travel from place to place within the ER
- Detoxification- the ER can absorb drugs or toxins and neutralize them with enzymes
What is rough endoplasmic reticulum
It is where a mini newly synthesized proteins are chemically modified in package for export to their next destination the golgi apparatus
What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Synthesis of the phospholipids in cluster all needed for maintenance and growth of the plasma membrane, ER, nuclear membrane and the golgi apparatus and all cells
What is the golgi apparatus
- Modifies and packages secretions such as hormones or enzymes for release from the cell
- Renews or modifies the plasma membrane
- packages special enzymes with the investor calls for use in the cytoplasm
What are lysosomes
They remove damaged organelles they also destroy bacteria and also do essential cleanup and recycling inside the cell
What are peroxisomes
They absorb in breakdown fatty acid’s and other organic compounds as they do so peroxisomes generate hydrogen peroxide
What is the mitochondria
It creates energy has an unusual double membrane the inner membrane is called the cristae in the outer membrane is called the matrix
