Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nonverbal behaviour

A

important source of information

ex: facial expression, tone of voice, gestures, body position, use of touch, eye gaze

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2
Q

Uses of nonverbal behaviour

A

express emotion, convey attitude, communicate personality traits, facilitate verbal communication, repeat or complement spoken message, substitute for spoken messages

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3
Q

Darwin’s universality hypothesis

A
  • primary emotions conveyed by the face are encoded and decoded across all humans
  • Species specific, not culture specific

STUDY:
Read story to Fore tribe and ask to identify emotions through facial expressions; results same as in west
(6 basic emotions)

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4
Q

Research findings on facial expressions

A
  • Happiness is most easily recognizable
  • Quicker to decode anger in males and happiness in females
  • We’re better at matching than naming
  • more context, better accuracy (STUDY: took same neutral photo and preceded it with either happy or sad photo; people said opposite of what they just saw; Ex: if first saw happy then saw neutral, they said neutral looks sad; because context is changed - compared to the happy one she looks sad…compared to the sad one she looks happy
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5
Q

Accuracy of identifying facial expressions

A
  • Accuracy can be decreased because:
    1) affect blends
    2) display rules (culturally based; ex men don’t cry; women should always be happy)
    3) gender differences
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6
Q

Cultural emblems

A

non-verbal gestures that have a well-established meaning in a given culture

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7
Q

Implicit personality theories

A
  • type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together (Ex: many people think if someone is kind then they’re also generous)
  • vary across cultures and are passed from generation to generation
  • toss up between accuracy and economy: it’s quick/easy but less accurate (Ex: beauty myth – we tend to think ppl have a bunch of positive qualities when they’re attractive and opposite)
  • EX: western have an artistic IPT and Chinese culture have a Shi Gu IPT and when given texts in either language to bilingual Chinese/English they will give the IPT that is in the culture of the language
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8
Q

Causal attributions

A
  • Explanations for own behaviour or behaviour of others
  • Internal (personal factors) or external (situational factors)
  • Tend to explain personal behaviour situational, but others personal
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9
Q

Our relationship with others because of causal attributions

A
  • Likely more forgiving and understanding of others when we make external attributions
    o Study: when happy in marriage; partners more willing to attribute good behaviour to internal causes, and bad behaviour to external causes; when unhappy; partners more willing to attribute good behaviour to external causes, and bad behaviour to internal causes
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10
Q

Covariational model

A
  • Compare person’s behaviour across situations and individuals to see how much it varies from the current behaviour
    o Consensus: extent to which others behave in same manner (Ex: see boss yelling at co-worker; is it just your boss that gets mad at this person? Or do others also?)
    o Distinctiveness: extent to which the behaviour is unique to this person/situation (ex: does the boss yell at everyone? Or just this one person?)
    o Consistency: extent to which behaviour is repeated (ex: is the boss yelling at the co-worker in this situation only? Or have you seen them yell at different situation before)
  • Internal: low Consensus and distinct, high consistency
  • External: all high.
  • We rely heavier on consistency and distinctiveness
  • Information on all three is NOT necessary; we fill in the blanks
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11
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A
  • overemphasis on personality and underestimation of social factors
  • corresponding bias: tend to infer that people’s behaviour matches their personality

ex: Fidel Castro study – ppl were forced to write either a pro castro or anti castro essay – participants read the essays and told that the people writing the essays didn’t have a choice for pro or against castro; then asked “what do you think the author’s actual stance is?” because of correspondence bias people believed that if someone wrote pro-castro they really were pro-castro and vice versa
- EX: Study: greeted by good looking lab assistant and given note written by lab assistant; and told that the lab assistant was told to write something nice; when asked if they thought the lab assistant was nice most said yes even though they knew he/she was forced to write something nice

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12
Q

Perceptual salience

A
  • information that is the focus of people’s attention; people tend to overestimate the causal role of perceptually salient information
    ex: study where observers sit around two discussing people in a way where they can only see one or both people; people said the one they were facing was more active and dominated the debate; those who could see both said they were equally dominating
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13
Q

Actor/Observer Difference

A
  • As actors we focus on situations around us
  • As observers we focus on actors
  • Same event = internal attribution for observer, and external attribution for actor
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14
Q

Cultural differences in attributions

A
  • Western: individual freedom and autonomy – dispositional explanations favoured
  • Collectivist (often Eastern): group membership, interdependence, and conformity to group norms – situational explanations favoured
  • Differences in fundamental attribution error?
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15
Q

Attributions and self-esteeem

A

Successes attributed internally
Failures attributed externally

This causes issues:

  • Own actions are rational and defensible
  • Other’s actions are unreasonable and unjustified
  • Overestimate own contribution or involvement when working with others
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16
Q

Defensive attributions

A
  • explanations for behaviour that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality
  • Examples: Unrealistic optimism
  • Good things are more likely to happen to us than to our peers and bad things less likely to happen to us rather than other
    • Ex: breast cancer; AIDS; 6-8 / 10 women are likely to get breast cancer; aware of this but tend to think we’re not in that category
    • Winning lottery, motorcyclists, relationship outcomes
17
Q

Belief in a just world

A
  • belief that bad things happen to bad people and good things to good people (form of defensive attribution)
  • can cause us to blame the victim
18
Q

First impressions

A
  • notoriously wrong

- why? point of focus is us, selective attention, values over competence, negativity effect