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Oral Pathology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Immune response

A

Acquired response of defense from micro organisms.

Capacity to remember and respond more quickly the 2nd time.

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2
Q

Immunity

A

Increased responsiveness that results from retained memory of an antigen.

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3
Q

Antibody

A

Aka immunoglobulin. Protein molecule produced by a plasma cell that is able to react to an antigen.
Carried in blood

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4
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign substance that induces specific immune response.

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5
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Persons own tissues become antigens.

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6
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins produced by cells that affect the behavior of other cells.
Includes interferons, interleukins, lymphotoxins, chemotactic factor.
Stimulates leukocytes and macrophages, and destroys macrophages.

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7
Q

Types of antibodies (immunoglobulins)

A

IgM: first to the site, largest antibody, activates compliment system.
IgG: most numerous, enhances phagocytosis, passive immunity for newborns (helps build immune system as a kid).
IgE: responds in hypersensitivity rxns, acute anaphylaxis allergy.
Binds to mast cells for release of histamine, attacks parasites.

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8
Q

IgD:

A

stimulates B lymphocytes.

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9
Q

B-Lymphocytes

A

Immune response cell.
Stem cells in bone marrow that mature/reside in lymphoid tissue.
Two types - plasma cells: produce antibodies
Memory cells: retain memory of antigen

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10
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

Immune response cell.
Stem cells in bone marrow, mature in thymus gland(chest).
Types include memory, helper, suppressor, and cytotoxic cells.
T-cytotoxic cells destroy virus and tumor infected cells.

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11
Q

Mast cells

A

Realize HISTAMINE which:

1. Increase permeability of vessels
2. Dilate vessels
3. Edema
4. Constriction of smooth muscle (which can cause shock since airways are lined with smooth muscle)
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12
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytosis and other functions

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13
Q

Esinophils

A

Functions in immunity

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14
Q

Humoral response

A

Division of immune response.

Production of antibodies by activated B-lymphocytes (plasma cells).

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15
Q

Cellular response

A

Division of immune response.

Actions by T-lymphocytes, working alone or with macrophages

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16
Q

Types of immunity

A

Active: due to host response to antigen, host produces Ig
Natural: immunity from 2nd attack after body recovers from disease
Artificial: vaccination induces memory/antibodies
Passive: using antibodies/immunity from another person or animal
Natural: mother passes her antibodies (igG) to baby
Artificial: injection of antibodies ex. Vaccine

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17
Q

Although ulcer (canker sores)

A

Painful yellow/white ulcers sourrounded by an erythematous halo.
Minor aphthous- canker sores found on nonkeratinized mucosa.
Major aphthous- larger, deepens, lasts longer, may cause scarring.
TX: topical steroids or anti inflammatory mess

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18
Q

Urticaria

A

Hives often part of allergic rxn.

Swelling of skin usually with itching (pruritus) due to vascular permeability.

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19
Q

Angiodema

A

Diffuse swelling, often “puffy lip”

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20
Q

Contact dermatitis and mucositis

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity rxn like latex allergy
Skin becomes edematous, and red due to direct contact with allergen.
Trxt: steroids

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21
Q

Erythema multiforme

A

Target or bulls eye lesions
Necrosis of the epithelium due to immune reaction
Cause unknown.
Trxt : steroids

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22
Q

Stevens Johnsons Syndrome

A

Type of toxic epidermal necrolysis

Extensive painful lesions with severe adverse rxns to certain drugs

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23
Q

Lichen planus

A

Benign chronic condition with unknown cause
Wickhams striae: lacy white network on mucosa
Buccal mucosa is most common site
Possible increase of developing squamous cell carcinoma
Trxt: steroids

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24
Q

Reiters syndrome

A

Reactive arthritis.
Benign, self limiting (not life threatening) disease, triad consisting of arthritis, urethritis (inflamed urethra), and conjunctivitis (inflamed eyes)
Unknown cause, but associated with genetics (antigenic marker= HLA-B27)
Abnormal immune response after the body’s response to infection (commonly STD or GI infection)

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25
Langerhans cell disease
Proliferation (excessive growth) of macrophages with unknown cause 1. Letterer- Siwe disease (young kids, fatal) 2. Hand-Scheller- Christian (young kids) 3. Esinophilic granuloma (surgical excision/radiation) best prognosis
26
Sjogrens syndrome
Auto immune disease causing dryness of the eyes (xerophthalmia) and dry mouth Sicca syndrome Rheumatoid arthritis is often associated Bilateral parotid gland enlargement in 50% of patients Trxt: steroids, saliva and tear substitutes
27
Lupus
Autoimmune disease characterized by butterfly rash across the bridge of nose Arthritis, myalgia, many organs affected. Women more than men Trxt: steroids and other immunosuppressant drugs
28
Pemphigus vulgaris
Severe, progressive autoimmune disease of skin and mucosa Erythema, vesicles, bullas, ulcers Destruction of desmosomes (connects cells) in epithelium Tzanek cells due to separation of epithelial cells (acantholysis). Results in intra-epithelial blisters Positive Nikolskys sign (inflamed when rubbed) Steroidal trx.
29
Pemphigoid
Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid Not as severe as pemphigus vulgaris Autoimmune disease associated with desquamitive gingivitis Positive Nikolskys sign Destruction of hemidesmisomes, causing separation of epithelium from basement membrane Sub-epithelial blisters
30
Behcets syndrome
Autoimmune disease involving oral, eye, genital lesions | Ulcers like canker sores
31
Scleroderma
Autoimmune disorder characterized by fibrosis/hardening of the skin and internal organs, esp kidneys. Hypertension, kidney failure Raynauds phenomena Widening of the periodontal ligament space apparent on X-rays.
32
Impetigo
Bacterial skin infection caused by streptococcus pyrogens and staphylococcus aureus Young kids Cuts and scratches allow bacteria to colonize - contagious, transmitted thru direct contact Antibiotics
33
Tonsillitis and pharyngitis
Inflammation streptococci strep throat or influenza May be followed by scarlet fever, rheumatic fever or strawberry tongue Rheumatic fever is inflammation of the heart, joints and CNS- permenant damage to heart valves.
34
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)
Oral herpes
35
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)
Genital herpes
36
Varicella-Zosters virus
Chicken pox and shingles
37
Epstein-Barr virus
Mono and Burkett's lymphoma (enlarged spleen) Oral hairy leukoplakia (HIV) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
38
Herpes 6
Roseola
39
Herpes 8
Karposis sarcoma | AIDS
40
Measles
Highly contagious Caused by PARAMYXOVIRUS *Kopliks spots= small, erythematous macules with white, necrotic centers found in oral cavity* CAN cross placenta barrier
41
Mumps
Viral disease of the salivary glands caused by PARAMYXOVIRUS Painful, bilateral swelling of the parotid glands
42
Herpangina
Vesicles on soft palate, fever, malaise, sore throat, mild | COXSACKIE VIRUS
43
Hand foot mouth
Children under 5 years old, Miculescu, papules, skin and oral mucosa Resolves in 2 weeks COXSACKIE VIRUS
44
Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis
Fever, sore throat, headache, lasting 2 days - 2 weeks. | COXSACKIE VIRUS
45
Associated oral diseases with AIDS
``` Candidiasis *Hairy leukoplakia* *Kaposis sarcoma lymphoma* Spontaneous gingival bleeding *Linear gingival erythema * NUG opportunistic diseases and Aphthous ulcers ```
46
Recurrent hermetic gingivostomatitis
Cold sores, fever blisters Most common is herpes labialis on vermillion border May be brought on by stress, sun, fever, menstruation
47
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
Initial infection with herpes simplex virus (6months to 6years) Fever malaise, lymphadenopathy, painful red gingiva, vesicles Vesicles ulcerate, crust over, heal within 10-14 days
48
Difference between herpes and aphthous ulcers
Herpes Aphthous ulcers Keratinized mucosa. Non keratinized mucosa Vesicles first, then ulcers. NO vesicles Recurrence. Recurrence Tx- Acyclovier (Zovirax). Tx-topical steroids & anti inflam drugs Anti viral drugs
49
Herpetic whitlow
Herpes involving the fingers. HSV 1&2
50
Chicken pox
2-3 week recovery | Varicella-Zoster virus
51
Shingles
Herpes -Zoster | Adult chicken pox along a sensory nerve
52
Mono
Enlarged spleen Palatial petichiae early in in disease Resolves in 4-6 weeks
53
Hairy leukoplakia
Irregular, corrugated white lesions, mostly in lateral border of tongue. Occurs in HIV patients.
54
Epstein Barr virus
Causes: Mono, hairy leukoplakia, chronic fatigue syndrome, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkett's lymphoma which are both very rare malignant neoplasms
55
Pericoronitis
Inflammation of mucosa around the crown if a partially erupted tooth
56
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow Caused from access, bone fracture, or surgery "Moth eaten" radiolucency in bone Tx- hyperbaric oxygen
57
Candidiasis
Most common oral infection Caused by overgrowth of yeast fungus called Candida albicans Results from immunodeficiency like antibiotics, steroids, HIV... White material that can be wiped away with red, painful, burning underlying mucosa. Types Pseudomembraneous - white that can be wiped away Erythematous- red and painful Chronic strophic candidiasis aka denture stomatitis Chronic hyper plastic candidiasis- white that cannot wipe away Angular chelitis- red, cracking, commissures Chronic muccotaneous candidiasis- severe form in immunocomprimised patients Median rhomboid glossitis- may be related to fungal infection Tx- Nystatin is antifungal med. or fluconazole
58
HPV
Viral infection spread through direct contact Vaccine: Gardasil Associated with cervical, oral cancer,
59
Verruca Vulgaris
Viral infection - HPV Common wart Lips are most common intraoral site
60
Condyloma Acuminatum
Viral infection -HPV Benign papillary lesion STD - genital warts
61
Tuberculosis
Contagious, bacterial granulomatous disease in the lungs Caused by an acid fast rod - mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection from inhaled droplets Skin test - Mantoux test *Scrofula- TB of the head and neck w lymph node involvement*
62
Actinomycosis
Bacterial infection from actinomyces israeli found in SOIL Draining skin lesions with sulfur granules that feel like sand Abscesses are common Antibiotics
63
Syphillis
Bacterial infection from treponema palladium 3 stages Primary - chancre at site of origin (highly contagious) Secondary- rash, oral patches occur 6 weeks after primary lesion Tertiary- gumma, affects nervous system. Not contagious Congenital syphillis includes mulberry molars, hutchinsons incisors, and deafness (CN VIII) Penicillin
64
NUG
Painful erythematous gingiva with punched out papillae Poor OHI, decreased resistance to infection, stress, malnutrition Caused by anaerobic organisms, fusiform bacillus and spirochete (borrelia vincenti) Treponema denticola, prevotella intermedia, porphyomona gingivalis Do not scale root plane Flagyl antibiotic

Oral Pathology (5 decks)

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