Chapter 4 Flashcards
affix
bound morpheme that attaches to a stem
affixation
process of forming words by adding affixes to them
agglutinating language
type of synthetic language in which the relationships between words in a sentence are indicated primarily by bound morphemes.
allomorph
one of a set of non-distinctive realizations of a particular morpheme that have the same function and are phonetically similar
alternation
morphological process that uses morpheme internal modifications to make new words or morphological distinctions
ambiguity
phenomenon by which a single linguistic form can be the form of more than one linguistic expression
analytic language
type of language in which most words consist of one morpheme and sentences are conformed of sequences of these free morphemes. Grammatical relationships are often indicated by word order
bound morpheme
morpheme that always attaches to other morphemes, never existing as a word by itself
bound root
morpheme that has some associated basic meaning but is unable to stand alone as a word
closed lexical category
lexical category in which members are fairly rigidly established and new members are rarely added and when they are it is over a long period of time
compounding
word formation process by which words are formed through combining two or more independent words
conjunction
lexical category that consists of function words such as and, but and however
content morpheme
morpheme that carries semantic content (not just grammatical function)
content word
word whose primary purpose is to contribute semantic content to the phrase in which it occurs
derivation
in morphology, process that changes a word’s lexical category or its meaning in some predictable way
determiner
the name of a lexical and syntactic category that consists of expressions such as the, a, this, all, etc.
form
structure or shape of any particular linguistic item, from individual segments to strings of words
free morpheme
morpheme that can stand alone as a word
function morpheme
morpheme that provides information about the grammatical relationships between words in a sentence
function word
word that has little semantic content and whose primary purpose is to indicate grammatical relationships between other words within a phrase
fusional language
a type of synthetic language in which the relationships between the words in a sentence are indicated by bound morphemes that are difficult to separate from the stem
hierarchical structure
dominance relationship among morphemes in a word or among constituents in a phrase
homophony
two words that have the same form (sound the same)
incorporation
morphological process by which several distinct semantic components are combined into a single word in a polysynthetic language
infix
type of bound morpheme that is inserted into the middle of the stem
inflection
morphological process whereby the form of a word is modified to indicate some grammatically relevant information, such as person, number, tense, gender etc.
input
linguistic form before the application of a rule or set of rules
lexical category
class of words grouped together based on morphological properties. Traditionally known as part of speech
lexicon
mental repository of linguistic information about words and other lexical expressions, including their form, meaning, morphological and syntactic properties.
morpheme
smallest linguistic unit of meaning or grammatical function
morphology
study of how words are constructed out of morphemes
open lexical category
lexical category into which new members are often introduced
output
linguistic form obtained after an application of a rule or a set of rules
partial reduplication
morphological reduplication in which only part of a morpheme is reduplicated
polysynthetic language
type of language that attaches several affixes to a stem to indicate grammatical relationships
prefix
affix that attaches to the beginning of a stem
preposition
name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as of, in, for, with etc. syntactically , category consists of those expressions that when combined with an expression of category noun phrase to their right result in an expression of category prepositional phrase
productive
describes a rule that can be applied in novel situations to produce novel grammatical forms
pronoun
the name of a lexical category that consists of words such as I, she, us, etc. Belong to category of noun phrase
reduplicant
the morpheme or part of a morpheme that is repeated in reduplication
reduplication
process of forming new words by doubling either an entire word or part of a word
root
the free morpheme or bound root in a word that contributes most semantic content to the word and to which affixes can attach
simultaneous affix
an affix that articulated at the same time as some other affix or affixes in a word’s stem, exists only in visual-gestural languages
stem
the base, consisting of one or more morphemes, to which some affix is added. The stem always includes the root and may also include one or more affixes
suffix
affix that attaches to the end of a stem
suppletion
morphological process between forms of a word where one word cannot phonologically or morphologically be derived from the other
