Chapter 3 Flashcards
Phonology
the study of the distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds
Phonotactic Constraints
restrictions on possible combinations of sounds
Sound substitution
process by which sounds that exist in a language a speaker knows are used to replace a sound that does not exist in their language when pronouncing the words of a foreign language
Phoneme
class of speech sounds that seem to be variants of the same sound
Allophone
one of the various ways that a phoneme is pronounced
noncontrastive
sounds that, when interchanged, do not result in a change of meaning
contrastive
sounds, that when interchanged, result in a change of meaning
distribution
set of phonetic environments in which a phone occurs
contrastive distribution
a case in which two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment and using one instead of the other changes the meaning of a word
minimal pair
pair of words whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound and that have different meanings
complementary distribution
the occurrence of sounds in a language such that they are never found in the same phonetic environment, considered to be allophones of the same phoneme
alternation
different pronunciations of the same word that are systematically linked to particular grammatical contexts
free variation
term used to refer to two sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words
overlapping distribution
the occurrence of sounds in the same phonetic environment
phonological rules
the description of a relationship between a phoneme and its allophones and the conditioning environment in which the allophone appears
conditioning environment
neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change
sibilant
member of the natural class of sounds that are characterized by a high-pitched hissing quality
obstruent
natural class of sounds produced with an obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity while the nasal cavity is closed off
sonorant
sound (usually voiced) produced with a relatively open passage of air flow
assimilation
process by which a sound becomes more like a nearby sound in terms of some features
palatalization
process wherein a sound takes on a palatal place of articulation, usually in assimilation to high or mid front vowels like [i] or [e]
insertion
process by which a segment not present in the phonemic form is added in the phonetic form
deletion
in phonology, process by which a sound present in the phonemic form is removed from the phonetic form in certain environments
metathesis
switching of the order of two sounds, each taking the place of the other
aspiration
a puff of air that follows the release of a consonant when there is a delay in the onset of voicing, symbol:
