Chapter 3

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

the study of the distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds

Question 2

Phonotactic Constraints

Answer 2

restrictions on possible combinations of sounds

Question 3

Sound substitution

Answer 3

process by which sounds that exist in a language a speaker knows are used to replace a sound that does not exist in their language when pronouncing the words of a foreign language

Question 4

Phoneme

Answer 4

class of speech sounds that seem to be variants of the same sound

Question 5

Allophone

Answer 5

one of the various ways that a phoneme is pronounced

Question 6

noncontrastive

Answer 6

sounds that, when interchanged, do not result in a change of meaning

Question 7

contrastive

Answer 7

sounds, that when interchanged, result in a change of meaning

Question 8

distribution

Answer 8

set of phonetic environments in which a phone occurs

Question 9

contrastive distribution

Answer 9

a case in which two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment and using one instead of the other changes the meaning of a word

Question 10

minimal pair

Answer 10

pair of words whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound and that have different meanings

Question 11

complementary distribution

Answer 11

the occurrence of sounds in a language such that they are never found in the same phonetic environment, considered to be allophones of the same phoneme

Question 12

alternation

Answer 12

different pronunciations of the same word that are systematically linked to particular grammatical contexts

Question 13

free variation

Answer 13

term used to refer to two sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words

Question 14

overlapping distribution

Answer 14

the occurrence of sounds in the same phonetic environment

Question 15

phonological rules

Answer 15

the description of a relationship between a phoneme and its allophones and the conditioning environment in which the allophone appears

Question 16

conditioning environment

Answer 16

neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change

Question 17

sibilant

Answer 17

member of the natural class of sounds that are characterized by a high-pitched hissing quality

Question 18

obstruent

Answer 18

natural class of sounds produced with an obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity while the nasal cavity is closed off

Question 19

sonorant

Answer 19

sound (usually voiced) produced with a relatively open passage of air flow

Question 20

assimilation

Answer 20

process by which a sound becomes more like a nearby sound in terms of some features

Question 21

palatalization

Answer 21

process wherein a sound takes on a palatal place of articulation, usually in assimilation to high or mid front vowels like [i] or [e]

Question 22

insertion

Answer 22

process by which a segment not present in the phonemic form is added in the phonetic form

Question 23

deletion

Answer 23

in phonology, process by which a sound present in the phonemic form is removed from the phonetic form in certain environments

Question 24

metathesis

Answer 24

switching of the order of two sounds, each taking the place of the other

Question 25

aspiration

Answer 25

a puff of air that follows the release of a consonant when there is a delay in the onset of voicing, symbol: