Chapter 4

Question 1

Reversible cell injury

Answer 1

Hydropic swelling

Intracellular accumulations

Question 2

Hydropic swelling

Answer 2

Cellular swelling

Accumulation of water

High sodium = high osmolarity

High non-penetrating = so suck

Question 3

To fix high sodium

Answer 3

Need energy and enzyme

Question 4

Intracellular accumulations

Answer 4

Lysosomes digest wastes in cells

If waste ⬆️then➡excess of water

Question 5

Atrophy

Answer 5

Cell shrink

Reduce function

Question 6

Hypertrophy

Answer 6

Increase mass

Same cells and amount - just bigger

Question 7

Hyperplasia

Answer 7

Increase amount of cells

Mitotic division

Question 8

Metaplasia

Answer 8

Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another

Question 9

Dysplasia

Answer 9

Disorganized appearance

Adaptive effort gone astray

Significant potential to transform into cancerous cells

Question 10

Irreversible cell injury

Answer 10

Necrosis

Apoptosis

Question 11

Necrosis

Answer 11

Usually occur as a consequence of ischemia or toxic injury

Cell rupture–> spilling its contents

Question 12

4 types of tissue necrosis

Answer 12

Coagulative
Liquefactive
Fat necrosis
Caseous necrosis

Question 13

Coagulation necrosis

Answer 13

Most common type

Begin with ischemia and ends with degradation of plasma membrane

Question 14

Liquefaction necrosis

Answer 14

Occurs with dissolution of dead cells

Forms cyst

Question 15

Fat necrosis

Answer 15

Death of adipose tissue
Chalky white area of tissue

Usually result of trauma or pancreatitis

Question 16

Caseous necrosis

Answer 16

Lung damage secondary to tuberculosis

Resembles clumpy cheese

Question 17

Gangrene

Answer 17

Cellular death in a large area of tissue

Results from interruption of blood supply to a particular part of the body

Question 18

Types of gangrene

Answer 18

Dry
Wet
Gas

Question 19

Dry gangrene

Answer 19

Form of coagulation necrosis

Blackened , derby, wrinkled tissue separated by a line of demarcation from healthy tissue

Question 20

Wet gangrene

Answer 20

Form of liquefactive necrosis

Typically found in internal organs

Question 21

Gas gangrene

Answer 21

Results from infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium), which is characterized by formation of gas bubbles in damages muscle tissue

Question 22

Apoptosis

Answer 22

Programmed cell death

Doesn’t directly kill cell
Cause cascade leading to death

Question 23

Two type of environmental or extrinsic signals may induce apoptosis

Answer 23

Withdrawal of survival signals that normally suppress apoptotic pathways

Extra cellular signals, such as the Fas ligand, bind to the cell and trigger death cascade

Question 24

Apoptosis can also be triggered by intrinsic pathways

Answer 24

Protein, p53, is normally low in the body. Will increase in response to cellular DNA damage, triggering cells own death

Question 25

Lactic acidosis

Answer 25

Anaerobic pH function module for enzyme Denature➡️temperature Cellular proteins and enzyme become more dysfunctional

Question 26

Nutritional injury

Answer 26

``` Common causes of malnutrition Poverty Chronic alcoholism A cute and/or chronic illness Self-imposed dietary restrictions Malabsorption syndromes ```

Question 27

Infectious and immunologic injury

Answer 27

Chemical injury | Physical and mechanical injury

Question 28

Chemical injury

Answer 28

Toxic chemicals or poison can cause cellular injury

Question 29

Physical and mechanical injury

Answer 29

``` Factors Extremes in temperature Abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure Mechanical deformation Electricity Ionizing radiation ```

Question 30

Cellular basis of aging

Answer 30

Humility a result of progressive decline in proliferation and reparative capacity of cells combined with exposure to environmental factors that cause accumulation of cellular and molecular damage

Question 31

Physiologic changes of aging

Answer 31

Age related decrease in functional reserve Inability to adapt to environmental demand

Question 32

Somatic death

Answer 32

Soma=body Death of the body Presence of stiffened muscles throughout body after death (rigor mortis) eventually leads to release of lytic enzymes and body tissues, postmortem, autopsy is