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PATH 370 - Pathophysiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Reversible cell injury

A

Hydropic swelling

Intracellular accumulations

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2
Q

Hydropic swelling

A

Cellular swelling

Accumulation of water

High sodium = high osmolarity

High non-penetrating = so suck

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3
Q

To fix high sodium

A

Need energy and enzyme

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4
Q

Intracellular accumulations

A

Lysosomes digest wastes in cells

If waste ⬆️then➡excess of water

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5
Q

Atrophy

A

Cell shrink

Reduce function

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6
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase mass

Same cells and amount - just bigger

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7
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase amount of cells

Mitotic division

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8
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another

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9
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disorganized appearance

Adaptive effort gone astray

Significant potential to transform into cancerous cells

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10
Q

Irreversible cell injury

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

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11
Q

Necrosis

A

Usually occur as a consequence of ischemia or toxic injury

Cell rupture–> spilling its contents

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12
Q

4 types of tissue necrosis

A

Coagulative
Liquefactive
Fat necrosis
Caseous necrosis

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13
Q

Coagulation necrosis

A

Most common type

Begin with ischemia and ends with degradation of plasma membrane

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14
Q

Liquefaction necrosis

A

Occurs with dissolution of dead cells

Forms cyst

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15
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Death of adipose tissue
Chalky white area of tissue

Usually result of trauma or pancreatitis

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16
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Lung damage secondary to tuberculosis

Resembles clumpy cheese

17
Q

Gangrene

A

Cellular death in a large area of tissue

Results from interruption of blood supply to a particular part of the body

18
Q

Types of gangrene

A

Dry
Wet
Gas

19
Q

Dry gangrene

A

Form of coagulation necrosis

Blackened , derby, wrinkled tissue separated by a line of demarcation from healthy tissue

20
Q

Wet gangrene

A

Form of liquefactive necrosis

Typically found in internal organs

21
Q

Gas gangrene

A

Results from infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium), which is characterized by formation of gas bubbles in damages muscle tissue

22
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

Doesn’t directly kill cell
Cause cascade leading to death

23
Q

Two type of environmental or extrinsic signals may induce apoptosis

A

Withdrawal of survival signals that normally suppress apoptotic pathways

Extra cellular signals, such as the Fas ligand, bind to the cell and trigger death cascade

24
Q

Apoptosis can also be triggered by intrinsic pathways

A

Protein, p53, is normally low in the body. Will increase in response to cellular DNA damage, triggering cells own death

25
Q

Lactic acidosis

A

Anaerobic

pH function module for enzyme

Denature➡️temperature

Cellular proteins and enzyme become more dysfunctional

26
Q

Nutritional injury

A 
Common causes of malnutrition 
Poverty 
Chronic alcoholism 
A cute and/or chronic illness
Self-imposed dietary restrictions 
Malabsorption syndromes
27
Q

Infectious and immunologic injury

A

Chemical injury

Physical and mechanical injury

28
Q

Chemical injury

A

Toxic chemicals or poison can cause cellular injury

29
Q

Physical and mechanical injury

A 
Factors 
Extremes in temperature
Abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure
Mechanical deformation
Electricity 
Ionizing radiation
30
Q

Cellular basis of aging

A

Humility a result of progressive decline in proliferation and reparative capacity of cells combined with exposure to environmental factors that cause accumulation of cellular and molecular damage

31
Q

Physiologic changes of aging

A

Age related decrease in functional reserve

Inability to adapt to environmental demand

32
Q

Somatic death

A

Soma=body

Death of the body

Presence of stiffened muscles throughout body after death (rigor mortis) eventually leads to release of lytic enzymes and body tissues, postmortem, autopsy is

PATH 370 - Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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