Chapter 2 Flashcards by J T

Homeostasis and adaptive responses to stressors

Body trying to maintain itself in a normal range

Organ system have their drills

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Homeostasis

Balance at ideal set range

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Homeostatic response

Drill to fix a particular problem

I.e. Room temperature

Predictable series of internal events

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Allostasis

The steps/efforts to achieve homeostasis

Measures taken to achieve homeostasis

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Stress as a concept

Stress

Or an actual state that tension produces

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Stress

Physical, Chemical, or emotional factor resulting in tension of body or mind

Or an actual state that tension produces

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Gluconeogenesis

Stressors excite receptors,
triggers the hypothalamus,
trigger the anterior pituitary,
release adrenocorticotropic hormone, affects the adrenal cortex,
releases corticosteroids,
Which inhibits excited receptors and the anterior pituitary by anxiolytics

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Corticosteroids

Stress response of body tissues:
Gluconeogenesis
Protein catabolism
Inhibition of glucose uptake
Suppression of protein synthesis 
Stabilization of vascular reactivity 
Immune response suppression

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Catecholamines

Stress response of body tissues 
Elevation of cardiac output
Vasomotor changes 
Lipolysis 
Glycogenolysis 
Insulin suppression
Increased respiration
Enhanced blood coagulation

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Anxiolytic

Break anxiety

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Hypothalamus

CRH➡️ACTH

Adrenal cortex ➡️ produce corticosteroids

Get sick when stressed

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Acute stress response

Alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion

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Alarm reaction

Fight or flight response due to stress

Allostatic state: maintain/restore homeostasis

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Allostatic state

Maintain / restore homeostasis

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Stage of resistance

Nervous and endocrine systems and returning the body to homeostasis

Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal cortex

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Hypothalamus senses a stressful stimulus (internal or external)

➡️Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone
⬇️
Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

➡️hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
⬇️
Anterior pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
⬇️
Adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids (cortisol and aldosterone)

Stage of exhaustion

Body gives up

Allostatic overload

Stressors

Conditions that can produce stress and endanger homeostasis

Physical, chemical, emotional, biological, social, cultural

Vary in scope , intensity , duration

Neurohormonal mediators of stress and adaptation

Catecholamines

Adrenocortical steroids

Catecholamines

Norepinephrine and epinephrine (acute response)

Play an integral role in allostasis
Sympathico-adrenal system response mediates the fight or flight

Stimulator of fight or flight

Heart stimulation

Adrenocortical steroids

Cortisol and aldosterone (chronic response )

Critical to maintain homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines

Endorphins and enkephalins

Endogenous opioids

Body’s natural pain relievers

Sex hormones

Estrogen, testosterone, and dehydroepuandrosterone

⬆️sympathetic (fight or flight )

Affected stress responses
This influencing allostasis

Adaptation, coping, and illness

Individual stress responses, effects of stress response, adaptation, coping, adaptation and coping, distress, Allostatic overload

Individual stress responses

Change with time and circumstances

Effects of stress response

Influenced by genetics, culture, prior susceptibilities, pre-existing health status, allostatic state, and ability to manage stress

Adaptation

Biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin

Coping

Behavioral adaptive response to a stressor

Distress

Perceived inability to cope with a stressor

Allostatic overload

Stress exhaustion

Stress

Know if it comes with other symptoms , it will Treat disease will reduce stress which will reduce other signs and symptoms Pinpoint the problem and fix it

Aldosterone

Sodium retention Chronic response Work against cateo...?

If stress increase

Then steroids will increase Then aldosterone will increase Them sodium will increase Then blood pressure will increase