Chapter 4

Question 1

impaired venous return

Answer 1

Congestive heart failure
Constrictive pericarditis
Ascites (liver cirrhosis)
Venous obstruction or compression
Thrombosis
External pressure (e.g., mass)
Lower extremity inactivity with prolonged dependency

Question 2

arteriolar dilation

Answer 2

Heat

Neurohumoral dysregulation

Question 3

reduced plasma osmotic pressure (hypoproteinemia)

Answer 3

Protein-losing glomerulopathies (nephrotic syndrome)
Liver cirrhosis (ascites)
Malnutrition
Protein-losing gastroenteropathy

Question 4

lymphatic obstruction

Answer 4

Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Postsurgical
Postirradiation

Question 5

sodium retention

Answer 5

Excessive salt intake with renal insufficiency
Increased tubular reabsorption of sodium
Renal hypoperfusion
Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone secretion

Question 6

inflammation

Answer 6

Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation
Angiogenesis

Question 7

factor V mutation

Answer 7

genetic

Arg to Glu substitution in amino acid residue 506 leading to resistance to activated protein C; factor V Leiden

Question 8

prothrombin mutation

Answer 8

genetic

G20210A noncoding sequence variant leading to increased prothrombin levels

Question 9

high risk for thrombosis

Answer 9

Prolonged bed rest or immobilization
Myocardial infarction
Atrial fibrillation
Tissue injury (surgery, fracture, burn)
Cancer
Prosthetic cardiac valves
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

Question 10

lower risk for thrombosis

Answer 10

Cardiomyopathy
Nephrotic syndrome
Hyperestrogenic states (pregnancy and postpartum)
Oral contraceptive use
Sickle cell anemia
Smoking

Question 11

cardigenic shock

Answer 11

example - MI, ventricular rupture, arrhythmia, cardiac tamponade, PE
mechanism - failure of myocardial pump resulting from intrinsic myocardial damage, extrinsic compression or obstruction to outflow

Question 12

hypovolemic shock

Answer 12

example - fluid loss

mechanism - inadequate blood or plasma volume

Question 13

shock associated w/ systemic inflammation

Answer 13

example - overwhelming microbial infections, superantigens, trauma, burns, pancreatitis
mechanism - activation of cytokine cascades, peripheral vasodilation and pooling of blood, endothelial activation/injury, leukocyte-induced damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation