Chapter 3 Flashcards
acute respiratory distress syndrome
acute
neutrophils
asthma
acute
eosinophils: IgE Abs
chronic
eosinophils: IgE Abs
glomerulonephritis
acute
abs and complement, neutrophils, monocytes
septic shock
acute
cytokines
arthritis
chronic
lymphocytes, macrophages, Abs
atherosclerosis
chronic
macrophages, lymphocytes
pulmonary fibrosis
chronic
macrophages, fibroblasts
acute inflammation
onset - minutes or hours
cellular infiltrate - mainly neutrophils
tissue injury, fibrosis - usually mild and self limited
local and systemic signs - prominent
chronic inflammation
onset - days
cellular infiltrate - monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
tissue injury, fibrosis - often severe and progressive
local and systemic signs - less
L selectin (CD62L)
distribution -Neutrophils, monocytes T cells, B cells
ligand - expressed on endothelium
E selectin (CD62L)
distribution - Endothelium activated by cytokines (TNF, IL-1)
ligand - expressed on neutrophils, monocytes, T cells
P selectin (CD62P)
distribution - Endothelium activated by cytokines (TNF, IL-1), histamine, or thrombin
ligand - expressed on neutrophils, monocytes, T cells
LFA 1
distribution - Neutrophils, monocytes, T cells
ligand - ICAM 1 endothelium
MAC 1
distribution - Monocytes, DCs
ligand - ICAM 1 endothelium
VLA 4
distribution - monocytes T cells
ligand - VCAM 1 on endothelium
alpha 4 beta 7
distribution - Monocytes T cells
ligand - VCAM 1 on endothelium
CD 31
distribution - endothelial cells, leukocytes
ligand - CD 31
histamine
source - Mast cells, basophils, platelets
action - Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation
prostaglandins
source - Mast cells, leukocytes
action - Vasodilation, pain, fever
leukotrienes
source - Mast cells, leukocytes
action - Increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion, and activation
cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6)
source - Macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells
action - Local: endothelial activation (expression of adhesion molecules). Systemic: fever, metabolic abnormalities, hypotension (shock)
chemokines
source - Leukocytes, activated macrophages
action - Chemotaxis, leukocyte activation
platelet activating factor
source - Leukocytes, mast cells
action - asodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative burst
complement
source - plasma (produced in liver)
action - Leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, direct target killing (membrane attack complex), vasodilation (mast cell stimulation)
kinins
source - plasma (produced in liver)
action - Increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, pain
vasodilation
prostaglandins PGE 1 and 2 PGI2 PGD2
histamine
vasoconstriction
thromboxane A2, leukotriens C4 D4 E4
increased vascular permeability
leukotrienes C4 D4 E4
histamine and serotonin
C3a and C5a
chemotaxis
leukotrienes B4 HETE
TNF, IL-1
chemokines
C3a and C5a
TNF
source - Macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes
action - Stimulates expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines; systemic effects
IL-1
source - Macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells
actions - Similar to TNF; greater role in fever
IL-6
source - Macrophages, other cells
actions - Systemic effects (acute phase response)
chemokines
source - Macrophages, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, mast cells, other cell types
actions - Recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation; migration of cells in normal tissues
IL-17
source - T lymphocytes
actions - Recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes
IL-12
source - Dendritic cells, macrophages
actions - Increased production of IFN-gamma
IFN gamma
source - T lymphocytes, NK cells
actions - Activation of macrophages (increased ability to kill microbes and tumor cells)
IL-17
source - T lymphocytes
actions - Recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes
fever
IL-1 TNF
prostaglandins
pain
prostaglandins
bradykinin
tissue damage
lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes
ROS
tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Caseating granuloma (tubercle): focus of activated macrophages (epithelioid cells), rimmed by fibroblasts, lymphocytes, histiocytes, occasional Langhans giant cells; central necrosis with amorphous granular debris; acid-fast bacilli
leprosy
Mycobacterium leprae
Acid-fast bacilli in macrophages; noncaseating granulomas
syphilis
treponema pallidum
Gumma: microscopic to grossly visible lesion, enclosing wall of histiocytes; plasma cell infiltrate; central cells are necrotic without loss of cellular outline
cat scratch disease
Gram-negative bacillus
Rounded or stellate granuloma containing central granular debris and recognizable neutrophils; giant cells uncommon
sarcoidosis
Noncaseating granulomas with abundant activated macrophages
crohn disease
Immune reaction against intestinal bacteria, possibly self antigens
Occasional noncaseating granulomas in the wall of the intestine, with dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate
