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Biology 1 > Chapter 4/5 - The Building Blocks > Flashcards

Chapter 4/5 - The Building Blocks Flashcards

1
Q

Living organisms build long chains of structures called

A

Macromolecules

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2
Q

What four categories can macromolecules be divided into

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Nucleic Acids
  3. Proteins
  4. Lipids
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3
Q

Basic chemical building blocks from which all organisms are composed

A

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates /nucleic acid’s: proteins /and lipids

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4
Q

Macromolecules are built around

A

Carbon Atoms

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5
Q

What can carbon carbon atoms bound too

A

H, N, O, S, P

Oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen

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6
Q

Molecules containing carbon have very diverse structures and can form

A

Chains, balls, branches, rings, tubes, and coils

****Because carbon atoms can form of too for covalent bonds

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7
Q

Molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen are called

A

hydrocarbons

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8
Q

True or false

Carbon and hydrogen atoms have very similar electronegativities

A

True

Electrons in C—C and C—H are evenly distributed.

Hydrocarbons are nonpolar

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9
Q

A molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical properties or reactivities

A

Functional group

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10
Q

1) —OH
2) O=C
3) O=C; —OH
4) N—H; N—H
5) O=P; O—P; P—O- ; P—O-,
6) H—C; C—H; C—H

These are all examples of

A

Functional groups

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11
Q

Molecules with the same empirical or molecular formula that can exist in different forms

A

Isomers

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12
Q

What is significant about structural isomers

A

Carbon molecules are structurally arranged in a different way

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13
Q

Stereo isomer

A

Molecules differing in there spatial arrangement of their atoms

Same carbon skeleton would differ and how the groups attached to the skeleton are arranged in space

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14
Q

Name one type a stereoisomer with a chiral or mirror image

A

Enantiomers

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15
Q

What enantiomer to biological systems use?

A

D-sugars, L-amino acids

D= rotate right

L= rotate left or lower

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16
Q

How many enantiomers do biological systems use

A

1

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17
Q

A molecule that has mirror image versions is called

A

A chiral molecule

**Exist when carbon is bound to four different molecules

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18
Q

Monomer

A

The most basic and simple list molecule

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19
Q

Monomers join other monomers with similar subunits to form

A

Polymers

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20
Q

What must occur to FORM a polymer from a monomer

A

Dehydration reaction

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21
Q

A type of chemical reaction in which two molecules join to form one larger molecule, simultaneously splitting out a molecule of water

A

Dehydration reaction

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22
Q

What must occur to BREAK a polymer to FORM monomers

A

Hydrolysis reaction

Add H2O
Provide electrons
Polymer breaks into monomer

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23
Q

Carbohydrates contain 1)___________ , 2)____________, and 3)_____________ in the molar ratio 4)_____, 5)_____, 6______

A

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the molar ratio 1 : 2 : 1

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24
Q

Is the empirical formula for carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

N= # of C atoms

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25
Q

In a chain of carbons, anytime we oxidize CH from the chain of carbons energy is

A

Released

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26
Q

True or false

Carbs are well-suited for energy storage

A

True

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27
Q

In a monosaccharide the 6C molecule is the FORM used for

A

Energy storage

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28
Q

In a monosaccharide the # of C atoms range from

A

3-6

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29
Q

Name all 6- carbon sugars

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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30
Q

Glucose is an important 6C sugar used for

A

Energy storage

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31
Q

What is the empirical formula for 6C sugar

A

C6 H12 C6

Or

(CH2O)6

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32
Q

True or false

6C sugars generally form a coil structure

A

False

6C sugars generally form a ring structure

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33
Q

What type of isomer are glucose, fructose, and galactose?

A

Structural isomers

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34
Q

What sugar can exist as a structural or stereoisomer?

A

6C sugars

***Fructose, glucose, galactose

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35
Q

True or false

Complex carbs are broken down into glucose

A

True

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36
Q

Name two types of glucose that glucose can form

A

Alpha glucose
Beta glucose

**They differ in placement of OH, thus being stereoisomers

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37
Q

Serves as a transport molecule in plants and provides nutrition in animals

A

Disaccharide

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38
Q

Glucose is stored as a

A

Disaccharide

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39
Q

Why is glucose stored as a disaccharide

A

Because enzymes used in metabolism of glucose cannot be used on disaccharides. Enzymes won’t recognize the disaccharide, the binding site is just for monosaccharides.

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40
Q

Two monosaccharides linked together via dehydration reaction

A

Disaccharides

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41
Q

Glucose + fructose =

A

Sucrose

**The form most plants use to transport glucose and is the sugar that most humans and other animals eat

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42
Q

Glucose + Glucose =

A

Maltose

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43
Q

Glucose + Galactose =

A

Lactose

**milk sugar

** can result in lactose intolerance in humans, because humans often have greatly reduce levels of lactase (enzyme)

**Primary energy source for offspring in mammals

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44
Q

More than two monosaccharides linked together via dehydration reactions

A

Polysaccharide

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45
Q

What forms our complex carbohydrate

A

Polysaccharides

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46
Q

Starch

A

Consist of a very long chains of alpha glucose

Bonded by oxygen after the hydration reaction has occurred

A storage polysaccharide

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47
Q

Can humans digest cellulose?

A

No

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48
Q

Cellulose

A

A structural polysaccharide

Contains a long chain of beta glucose connected via C1 and C4

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49
Q

What type of linkages the starch have

A

a linkages

**because it is built from a glucose

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50
Q

What type of linkages does cellulose have

A

B linkages

**because it is built from b glucose

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51
Q

And cellulose be glucose is connected via

A

C1 and C4

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52
Q

Outer layer in plants or makes up tough fibers in plants, used for structural support

A

Cellulose

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53
Q

Starches simplest structure is called

A

Amylose

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54
Q

Amylose

A

Long simple chain of a glucose

each linkage occurs between C1 and C4 (where dehydration reaction occurs)

As chain gets longer it will form a curl

** called a -(1—>4) linkages

Unbranched polysaccharide

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55
Q

Amylopectin

A

Found in plants

Branched polysaccharide, forms simple branch

Branching occurs due to bonds between a-glucose at C1 of one molecule and C6 of another molecule

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56
Q

Where do plants destroy glucose?

A

Amylopectin

Or

Amylose

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57
Q

Glycogen

A

Where animals store sugars

C1-C4 , C1-C6 linkages

Forms long chains that are curled

Forms branching at C1-C6

More branched than amylopectin

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58
Q

True or False

A-glucose is what humans use?

A

True

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59
Q

Makes up outer shell of Arthropods, crabs, and insects

A

Chitin

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60
Q

What is chitin made of?

A

N- acetylglucosamine (version of glucose)

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61
Q

Sequence that carries information in living organisms/ forms polymers DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic acid’s

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62
Q

Two main varieties of nucleic acids are

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Ribonucleic acid

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63
Q

Stores genetic information

A

DNA

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64
Q

Short-lived or temporary copies of DNA used to synthesize proteins

A

RNA

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65
Q

During cell division and reproduction genetic information can be preserved because

A

Nucleic acid’s in the form of DNA can produce exact copies of themselves

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66
Q

Nucleic acid’s are long polymers of repeating subunits called

A

Nucleotides

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67
Q

Nucleotides consist of three components which are

A
  1. Pentose (5-C sugar)
    - ribose in RNA /OH group
    - deoxyribose in DNA / H group
  2. Phosphate
    - coming off 4 carbon
  3. Organic Nitrogenous Base
    - coming off 1C
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68
Q

How do nucleotides form together to form a strand of RNA or one side of the DNA strand

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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69
Q

3C hydroxyl will form with what to create a phosphodiester bond?

A

5C phosphate

*****process will continue until there is a nice long strand of DNA or RNA

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70
Q

A nucleotide chain formed from joining phosphate (coming off 5C) with hydroxyl (coming off 3C) group on sugar ring

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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71
Q

Nucleotides, to their phosphodiester bonds will form

A

Nucleic acid’s

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72
Q

How do you number of carbons?

A

+’(prime)

1’ , 2’, 3’

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73
Q

Phosphate is found it coming off

A

5’ carbon

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74
Q

Hydroxyl is found coming off at

A

3’ carbon

75
Q

How do you read a chain of nucleic acid’s?

A

From 5’ —> 3’

***Because 5’ of phosphate bonds to 3’ Hydroxyl group

76
Q

True or false

Chains form from 5’ to 3’

77
Q

Name five types of nucleotides

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

78
Q

Based on the five types of nucleotides which are considered Purines?

A

Adenine

Guanine

79
Q

Based on the five type of nucleotides which are considered Pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

80
Q

Which nucleotides are found in RNA

A

A, G, C, U

81
Q

Which nucleotides are found in DNA

A

A, G, T, C

82
Q

True or false

Uracil is found in DNA

A

False

Found only in RNA

83
Q

Thymine is found only in

84
Q

Encodes amino acid sequence to build proteins

A

DNA sequence

85
Q

Too long chains of DNA form a

A

Double helix structure

86
Q

Form from hydrogen bonds between opposite nitrogenous bases

A

Double helix DNA

87
Q

Complementary base pairing for DNA

A

T pairs w/ A

C pairs w/ G

88
Q

Complementary base pairing for RNA

89
Q

Transcription

A

Copying of DNA to form mRNA

Transcribing from DNA the message. The message will be used to make proteins.

90
Q

RNA is produced by

A

Transcription, or copying of DNA

91
Q

Single-stranded

92
Q

Energy currency of the cell, or living things

Stores energy

A

ATP

**Adenine attached to phosphate groups

93
Q

NAD+

FAD

A

Electron carriers used to build ATP

94
Q

Linear polymers composed of 20 amino acids

95
Q

What two groups are amino acid is composed of

A

Amino group -NH2

Carboxy group -COOH

96
Q

How many amino acids do humans use to build proteins

97
Q

An enantiomer is found in how many of the 20 amino acids humans use to make proteins

A

All amino acids

- Living organisms use L-amino acids

98
Q

Nonpolar amino acids R group contain

A

CH2 or CH3

99
Q

Polar uncharged amino acids have R groups that contain

100
Q

Charged amino acids have R groups that contain

A

Acids or bases that can ionize

101
Q

Aromatic amino acids have R groups that contain

A

an organic (carbon) ring with alternating single and double bonds

Are Nonpolar

102
Q

What are the special amino acids and describe their functions

A

Serve very specific function

1) methionine - generally the first amino acid you will find in a chain
2) proline - if found in a chain of amino acids, will cause a kink or turn
3) cystine - if found in a chain of amino acids and if there in close proximity, they(cystine), will form a disulfide bond; which links chains together.

103
Q

When ionized, the backbone of amino acids become

104
Q

The amino and carboxyl groups on a pair of amino acids can undergo dehydration reaction to form

A

A covalent bond

105
Q

Carbon + nitrogen = what type of bond

A

Covalent bond

106
Q

Amino Acid + Amino Acid=

107
Q

One or more long unbranched chains of amino acids will form

108
Q

Joined amino acid chain linked by peptide bonds

A

Polypeptide

109
Q

Polypeptides fold to form

110
Q

When the amino end of one amino acid joins to the carboxyl end of another, what forms

A

Peptide bond

111
Q

Does the shape of a protein determine its function?

112
Q

True or False

Proteins do not have specific amino acid sequences

A

Each protein has a specific amino acid sequence

113
Q

Protein shape can be determined using

A

X-rays, that will produce a diffraction pattern of protein crystals

114
Q

X-rays that produce a diffraction pattern of protein crystals are used to

A

Determine the shape of proteins

115
Q

Studies of proteins determine what type of patterns

A

In a protein, essentially all internal amino acids are nonpolar

Meanwhile, polar amino acids are found on the exteriors of proteins

116
Q

How do bonds within proteins between amino acids interact

A

Interact to stabilize folded protein

Hydrogen bond 
Disulfide bond
Ionic bond
van der Waals attraction 
Hydrophobic exclusion
117
Q

What are the 4 tiers of protein structure

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

118
Q

The specific amino acid sequence of a protein, or a single amino acid chain

A

Primary protein

119
Q

Secondary protein

A

Amino acid chain can curl and form a-helices or turn and form b-chains

120
Q

Tertiary Protein

A

Final folding of protein into a more globular structure

121
Q

Quaternary Protien

A

2 or more polypeptide chains(of tertiary structure) combine to form functional protein

122
Q

In a protein, Hydrogen bonding interactions between CO and NH groups of the primary structure

A

Secondary structure

123
Q

Alpha (a) helix

A

Form of secondary structure in protein where a polypeptide chain is wound into a spiral due to interactions between amino and carboxyl groups

124
Q

B sheet

A

Form of secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide falls back on itself one or more times to form a planar structure, stabilized by hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups

125
Q

Motifs (super secondary structure)

A

A structural feature of a protein that is conserved for function

126
Q

B-a-B motif

A

Create a fold or crease at the core of nucleotide binding sites in a wide variety of proteins

Found in proteins with nucleotide binding sites

127
Q

If a proteins environment is altered, the protein may change its shape or even unfold completely , this process is called

A

Denaturation

128
Q

When can proteins be denatured

A

When pH, temperature, or ionic concentration of the surrounding solution changes

129
Q

To a helices separated by a bend

Used by proteins to bind to DNA helix

A

Helix- turn- helix

130
Q

Domain

A

A region of a protein that serves a particular function in the action of the protein

131
Q

Domains are made of

132
Q

What connects the domains of a protein

A

A single polypeptide chain

133
Q

Chaperone protein

A

A class of enzymes that help proteins fold into the correct configuration and can re-fold proteins that have been misfolded or denatured

Helps other proteins to fold correctly

Helper protein

Improper folding can cause disease

134
Q

If a protein is denatured can it still function

135
Q

Acids denature proteins that function at PH___

136
Q

True or False

High temperatures break bonds and denature proteins

137
Q

Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids, and carotenoids are examples of

A

Nonpolar organic molecules

138
Q

Has high proportion of nonpolar carbon-hydrogen bonds

139
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

No. Insoluble

140
Q

What do non-polar lipids do in water?

A

Cluster together

Expose what polar groups they have to the surrounding water

141
Q

Long chain hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid (COOH)

A

Fatty acids

142
Q

Because it contains three fatty acid’s, a fat molecule is commonly called a

A

Triglyceride

143
Q

Long carbon chains called fatty acids

144
Q

Three fatty acid chains attached to each carbon and glyceride

A

Triglyceride

145
Q

In what type of chain are carbons double bonded to carbons

A

Unsaturated fatty acid chain

146
Q

In what type of chain are carbons bonded to other carbons

A

Saturated fatty acid chain

147
Q

True or false

Triglycerides differ in length of carbons and and bonds between carbon’s

148
Q

Attached to glycerol backbone

3C Chain with OH

149
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acid

A

Cs are double bonded to only one C

150
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

More than one double bonded C

151
Q

Are fats produced by animals saturated or unsaturated?

152
Q

Are fats produced by plants saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated (healthy)

153
Q

True or False

C–H bonds in fats contain high energy due to the numerous amount of Cs in each chain

154
Q

Terpenes (lipid)

A

Backbone of many pigments

155
Q

Steroids (lipids)

A

Hormones in multicellular animals (testosterone, estrogen)

Composed of 4 carbon rings

Most animal cell membranes contain the steroid cholesterol

156
Q

Fats contain over 40 carbon atoms, are they a good source of energy?

A

Yes. Have a lot of Carbon

157
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

They form cell membranes (the core of all biological membranes)

158
Q

What are the three subunits of a phospholipid?

A

Glycerol - 3 carbon alcohol, backbone of phospholipid molecule

Fatty acids - CH2 groups, ending in COOH. 2 fatty acids are attached to the glycerol backbone in phospholipid molecule.

A phosphate group - attached to one end of of the glycerol. Usually has charged organic molecule linked to it

159
Q

Head of a phospholipid molecule is_____________ and the tail is___________

A

Polar

Very nonpolar

160
Q

Is phosphate polar?

161
Q

Phospholipid consists of

A

2 Fatty acid chains (nonpolar) + 1 phosphate(polar) attached to glycerol (the backbone) , and a polar head of

162
Q

Putting 2 phospholipids together creates a __________ which consists of ____________ heads and _____________ fatty acid tails.

A

Bilayer

Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic

163
Q

When placed in water phospholipids automatically form

A

Micelles, or a lipid bilayer

164
Q

In a phospholipid, polar hydrophilic heads include

A

Phosphate

Glycerol

Fatty acid(CH2) ; Ex: Choline

165
Q

Nonpolar hydrophobic tail in a phospholipid

A

Fatty acid chain

166
Q

Protein that contains two regions made of beta sheets connected by an alpha helix. This type of structure can be found in proteins with very different functions called

167
Q

Motifs

A

Supersecondary structure
Similar proteins

B-a-b motif= creates fold or crease , rossmann fold

B- barel = b sheet folded around to form a tube

Helix turn helix = 2 a helicesseperated by bend , proteins use it to bind to DNA double helix

168
Q

Enzymes have optimum temperature where it functions best

169
Q

Carbon atoms form the framework of biological molecules

170
Q

Fats

Oil

Terpenes

A

All are lipids

171
Q

Interactions that maintain 3 dimensional shape of protein are distrusted so that the polypeptide chains completely unfold, how is this protein described

172
Q

2 classes of nucleic acids

173
Q

Peptide bond formed btw

A

Amino group

Carboxyl group

174
Q

During protein synthesis, amino acids are linked tg via

A

Dehydration reaction

175
Q

___________Refers to single long chain of amino acids , while a _____________ can be composed of one or more long amino acid chain

A

Polypeptide

Protein

176
Q

Structure of ____________ is usually discussed in terms of a hierarchy of 4 level

177
Q

Amino acid sequences of polypeptides is called

A

Primary structure

178
Q

Secondary structure maintained by

A

Hydrogen bonds

179
Q

Protein final structure regions shaped like

A

A helix

B pleated sheet

180
Q

Helps determine protein tertiary structure

A

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrophobic exclusion

Disulfide bridges

Ionic bonds

181
Q

Disease caused by the improper folding of proteins may be due to

A

Chaperone protein

182
Q

Protein spontaneously refolds to natural shape

A

Renaturation

183
Q

Dissociation

A

Individual subunits making up protein quaternary structure separate

184
Q

General term for carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

Biology 1 (11 decks)

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