Chapter 1 - Intrduction Flashcards
Ecosystem Level
Populations of organisms living in the same place can interact with other organisms and their physical environment.
Example: Ocean (Arctic/ Atlantic)
Cellular Organization
1) Cells are bounded by membrane that separate the inside of the cell from the outside
2) Organisms consist of 1 or more cells
3) Cells carry out the basic activities of living
Order Complexity
Living things are very complex and highly ordered.
- Cells make up tissue
- Tissue makes organs
- Organs work together to make organ system
Sensitivity
All living organisms respond to stimuli
Ex: Eyes - reflect light
Ex: Hands - respond to touching hot pot
Ex: Pupils of eyes dilate when walking into a dark room
Growth, Development, Reproduction
Living things need to grow, develop, and reproduce to pass down heredity to offspring and continue that species.
Energy Utilization
All living organisms require energy to perform work
Ex: all cells need energy to perform their functions
Ex: plants use suns energy to grow and develop
Ex: Every muscle in your body is powered with energy you obtain from your diet
Homeostasis
All living things maintain internal environment that differs from external environment temperature
Ex: your body temperature remains stable despite changes in outside temperatures
True or False
Biological systems are the most complex chemical systems on earth
True
Biology functions by the laws of
Thermodynamics
What is the most complex organization of matter?
Biology
Biology is a natural science that studies
Life and living organisms
The basic unit of life and living organisms is?
Cell
Functions of biological systems are determined and constrained by principles of
Chemistry and physics
True or False
Biological systems represent new forms of matter
False
Biological systems do not represent any new forms of matter
Name seven characteristics shared by living things
- Cellular organization
- Order complexity
- Sensitivity
- Growth, development and reproduction
- Energy utilization
- Homeostasis
- Evolutionary adaptation
Evolutionary adaptation
Organisms interact with other organisms as well as the non-living environment to input survival request
Organisms can adapt to their environment so that they survive and pass down those traits when they reproduce
True or False
Living systems show hierarchical organization?
True
- The cellular level
- The organismal level
- The population level
- biological community
- The ecosystem level
- The biosphere
Name all levels of hierarchical of organization in living systems
- The cellular level
- The organismal level
- The population level
- biological community
- The ecosystem level
- The biosphere
True or false
Bacteria are multicellular
False
Bacteria are single cells
True or false
Animals, plants, fungi and algae are multicellular
True
Organelles are found in
Cells
Cellular level
- Atoms form molecules
2. Molecules form organelles
Organismal level
- Cells form tissue
- Tissue form organs
- Organs work together to make organ system
- Organ system makes up organism
The Nervous system, which consist of sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and neurons that convey signals is an example of an
Organ system
Groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit
Tissue
Body structures composed of several different tissues that act as a structural and functional unit
Organs
Ex: The brain is an organ composed of nerve cells and a variety of associated tissues that form protective coverings and contribute blood
Population level
1) Same species makes up a population
2) All populations of a particular organism or members similar in appearance and able to interbreed make up a species
3) Biological Community
The highest tier of biological organization is
The ecosystem level
Biological community
Different species living in the same place
Ex: woods —> Plants, animals
The highest tier of biological organization is
The ecosystem level
Populations of organisms and their surrounding environment make up an
Ecosystem
The biosphere
Consist of the entire planet as an ecosystem
Observations
1) Leads to hypotheses
2) Generally includes two questions
- Inductive vs Deductive
Deductive reasoning
Applies general principles to predict specific results
Something very general or specific
Ex: All birds have feathers, so a duck has feathers
All countries in Africa have a warm temperature, therefore Nigeria is hot.
Is the statement inductive or deductive?
Deductive reasoning
All men are mortal, therefore Harold must be a man.
Is the statement inductive or deductive?
Deductive reasoning
Observations
1) Leads to hypotheses
2) Generally includes two questions
- Inductive vs Deductive
All countries in Africa have a warm temperature, therefore Nigeria is hot.
Is the statement inductive or deductive?
Deductive reasoning
All men are mortal, therefore Harold must be a man.
Is the statement inductive or deductive?
Deductive reasoning
Used to test the validity of general ideas and all branches of knowledge
Deductive reasoning
Used to test the validity of general ideas and all branches of knowledge
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Apply is very specific observations to predict general statements
Ex: Harold is a grandfather, therefore Harold must be bald.
If poodles have hair, and terriers have hair, and every dog that you observe has hair, then all dogs have hair.
Is this example of inductive or deductive reasoning?
Inductive reasoning
Leads to generalizations that can be tested
Inductive reasoning
Used to test the validity of general ideas and all branches of knowledge
Deductive reasoning
Hypothesis
1) An educated guess
2) leads to experiment to test the idea
3) generally needs one variable
Variables
Factors that influence a process, outcome, or observation.
Ex: cooking (variables)
- The way you mix it
- How long do you cook it
- The temperature you cook it at
Ex: Experiment
- Mixing chemicals
- Heat
- Purifying
Controlled experiment
Variable is a left on altered, or kept constant, does not change
Test experiment
One variable is altered/changed in a known way to test a particular hypothesis
Isolating variables will help to test
Hypotheses
How can you evaluate alternative hypotheses about one variable?
Keep all of the variables constant
True or false
Predictions allow a way to test the validity of a hypothesis?
True
Predictions provide a way to test the validity of a hypothesis
Hypothesis kept
1) Results match predictions
2) Supported by experimental testing
Hypothesis rejected
Experimental results don’t match prediction
True or false
The more experimentally supporter prediction is a hypothesis makes, the more valid the hypothesis is?
True
Based on limits with reductionism how do enzymes behave?
Enzymes behave differently in isolation than in normal cellular context
Based on limits with reductionism, The complex interworking of many interconnected functions leads to
Emergent properties that cannot be predicted based on the workings of the parts
Ex: ribosomes are the cellular factories that synthesize proteins, but this function could not be predicted based on analysis of the individual proteins and RNA that make up the structure
Reductionism
Reducing complex systems to is working parts
Ex: You can study an ecosystem but won’t know much about the population unless you break it down to population specific species
Ex: want to know how species functions?
- go to organismal level
- go to cellular level
Models
1) Putting/fitting pieces of systems together
- provide a way to organize how we think about a problem
- shows how working parts fit together
Theories
- Hypotheses supported experiments
- Ideas that explain something
- Proven over and over again by hypothesis driven experiments
- Accepted as facts
- Accepted general principle or body of knowledge
Explains and describe how organisms on earth have changed over time and acquired a diversity of new forms
Darwins theory of evolution
What was Thomas Mathus’s prediction?
Plants, animals, and humans grow geometrically or by factors
Ex: # x 3
Food grows arithmetically or by a difference
Ex: # + 2
Natural selection
- Characteristics in organism has to survive in their environment
- Some are better selected to survive and passed traits than others
- this will cause a change in population
- Observed a species of related birds with different beaks and have concluded that they had adapted for food
- Was inspired by Thomas Mathus
Charles Darwin
Artificial selection
Let humans pick a want to or specific trait of an animal to breed that characteristic
Based on first hand observations of breeding domesticated animals
Favors breeding of animals that possess want to traits
Based on evidence for natural selection describe:
- Fossil records (comparative anatomy)
- Same bones found in different species
- Bones are adapted and use for different purposes
Based on evidence for natural selection describe
- Advance with genetics (molecular Evidence)
- Humans share proteins with many other organism
- Proteins are mostly the same but different in amino acid sequences
a. Proteins are made of amino acids
Name five occurring themes in biology
- Cell theory
- Molecular(theory) basis of inheritance
- Structure and function
- Evolution
- Novel properties
Cell theory
All living things are composed of cells
- Single cell organisms
- Multi cell organisms
Cells come from pre-existing cells
True or false
Living organisms are not organized into cells
False, living organisms are organized into cells
True or false
The molecular basis of inheritance explains the continuity of life
True
Molecular basis of inheritance
Information is encoded in chains of DNA or all information the cell needs
DNA molecules are formed from two long chains of building blocks called
Nucleotides
The foundation for understanding the reproduction and growth of all organisms
Cell theory
Information that specifies what a cell is like encoded in
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
How many nucleotides are found in DNA
Four
Specific sequences of several hundred to many thousand nucleotides make up a
Gene or A discrete unit of information
The entire set of DNA instructions that specifies a cell is called
Genome
The continuity of life from one generation to the next, or passing of heredity depends on
The copying of a cells DNA into daughter cells
Structure and function
The structure of a molecule will affect its function
Ex: Enzyme or catalyst (protein in body)
• has an action site
- binds substrate then breaks it down
***(shape of enzyme is made to fit substrate)
We study the structure of molecules and macromolecular complexes to
Learn about their function
True or False
When we know the function of a particular structure, we can infer the function of similar structures found in different context, such as in different organisms
True
True or false
Selection is a cause of evolution
- natural
- artificial
True
Evolution
- Creates the diversity of life
- Prior life forms evolving two current life forms
- Gradual process
Name three groups of evolution that can be broken down to
- Eukarya
- Prokarya
- Archaea
True or False
Eukarya are single cellular
Prokarya are single cellular
Archaea are multicellular
False
Eukarya: Multicellular
Prokarya: single cellular
Archaea: single cellular
What organisms are classified as Eukarya?
Plants
Animalia
Fungi
Protista
Evolution occurs because
We have characteristics from early organisms that we conserved, evolved to what we see now
- Proteins that are evolved during early development that allow proper development of the organism
- Found in animals, plants, fungus
Homeodomain proteins
Ex: conservation of characteristics from early organisms
Consist of organisms that have cell walls of cellulose and obtain energy by photosynthesis
Plantae
Consist of cell walls of chitin and obtain energy by secreting digestive enzyme’s and then absorbing the products they release from the external environment
Fungi
Contains organisms that lack cell walls and obtain energy by first ingesting other organisms and then digesting them internally
Animalia
Consist of all unicellular eukaryotes except yeast, as well as the multicellular algae.
Protista
Emergent novel properties
Biological organization based upon structural order and a hierarchy that builds upon each level below it
As we climb each step of the hierarchy will fold the process of the novel properties so that it becomes more complex. ( micro –> macro)
Ex: DNA
As you move up the hierarchical organization of living things, the many interactions occurring at lower levels can produce
Novel (Emergent) properties
Plants, algae, and certain microbes harness what kind of energy to produce their own nutrients using photosynthesis
Radiant energy
Examples of organ level of biological organization
Brain
Stomach
True or false
An accepted hypothesis may be false
True
Should control and experimental groups differ in as many variables as possible
No
True or false
Plants are not prokaryotic
True
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and algae use energy from the sun to synthesize
Organic molecules
Ex: scientific hypothesis
The genetic information for all living organisms is stored in DNA
Contains eukaryotic organisms that typically have cells of chitin and obtain energy by secreting digestive enzymes and then absorbing the products they released from the external environment
Fungi
True or false
Protista are unicellular, colonial, or multi cellular
And eukaryotic
True
All cells contain DNA as their genetic makeup
True of false
True
Experiments are designed to test
Predictions
Hypothesis may be be false
When scientists except a hypothesis that means it is in agreement with all the available evidence
A hypothesis can be disapproved but it cannot be proved correct
True/false
True
