Chapter 4 & 5 Flashcards
What are the two types of socialization?
Primary- childhood
secondary- adulthood
what is biological determinism?
26000 genes
who is Sigmund Freud & what was his theory? (id,ego, superego)
id- unconscious drive
super ego- conscious (polices the id)
ego- main agent, balances id demands & restraints superego
Who is Erik Erikson? (1902-1994)
impact of society on ego development
- characterized by a central crisis
what is behaviouralism?
cultural determinism
role of “nurture”
who is Edward Thorndike?
rewards & punishments
who is Dennis H Wrong? (1961) (CANADIAN)
individuals resist & influence messages
who is George Herbert Mead?
(two types of socializing agents)
significant- key ind, parents, friends
generalized- broader societal attitudes that children internalize
what was Mead’s three developmental stages?
preparatory- child engages in imitation
play- child takes on roles of others
game- can consider multiple viewpoints
who is Charles Cooley? (1864-1929)
(what are his three components)
- how you imagine you appear to others
- how you think others judge your appearance
- how you feel as a result of
what are the agents of socialization?
family-most influential
peer group- encourage conformity
community/neighbourgood- key agents in adolescence
mass media- impact of media
education- significant for a developing child
What were Rowell Huesmann’s two theories?
observing learning-watching violence teaches to act violent
desensitization- watching violence desensitized them
what is secondary socialization & resocialization?
secondary- happens in adolescence outside of familly
resocialization- unlearning old norms & adopting new ones
what’s the difference between voluntary & involuntary resocialization?
voluntary- life changes made by self
involuntary- when change is forced
what is hazing as resocialization?
enduring uncomfortable experiences
what is the difference between status & status set?
status- recognized social position
status set- collection of statuses
what’s the difference between achieved & ascribed status?
achieved- not born into (college student)
ascribed- born into or entered voluntary (mom, daughter)
who is Everett C Hughes? (1897-1983)
master status
(dominates all other status)
what’s the labelling theory? (who invented?)
Howard Becker, developed theory on negative effects of labels
what’s status consistency & inconsistency?
consistency- “white, rich, man, heterosexual”
inconsistent- “indigenous, female, cabnit minister”
what is culture & what are the two categories?
system of behaviours, beliefs, values
nonmaterial- ideas
material- physical things
What did William Ogburn believe?
cultural lag- is when one facet of a culture changes at a different pace than the other facet
what is dynamic nature?
cultures change over time
what is contestation of elements?
disagreements about what constitutes a culture & who it belongs to
what is authenticity debate?
what are dominates?
key points of what is considered to be true
people who are closely associated with the culture
what is dominant cultures?
holds economic & political power
what are minority cultures?
what are the subcategories
exists outside of cultural mainstream
countercultures- minorities that oppose dominate culture
subcultures- co exists with dominant culture
what’s the difference between high culture & popular culture?
represents a distinct minority
represents powerless groups
what is mass culture?
people with little to no agency in the culture they consume
what is simulacra in mass culture?
stereotypical images produced by media.
what is the difference between decipherment & reading?
decipherment- searching for distinct & intended purpose
reading- meant to be interpreted freely
what’s are cultural norms, contestation, expression, & change/diversity?
norms- rules/standards
contestation- rules challenged
expression- norms expressed thru ceremonies
change/diversity- norms evolve over time
what are sanctions?
(+/-)
rewards & punishments in response to behaviour
+ rewards for conforming
- reactions for violating
who is William Graham? (1840-1910) what are his 3 norm types?
identified folkways- norms governing everyday behaviour
mores- serious norms that cannot be violated
taboos- deep norms that provoke disgust
what is the difference between tangible & intangible?
tangible- material objects (maple leaf)
intangible- non material (canadian anthem)
difference between ethnocentrism & eurocentric?
ethnocentrism- thinks their culture is superior
eurocentrism- believes European culture is better
what’s cultural relativism & presentism?
relativism- judging historical figures in they’re own time
presentism- judging historical figures by todays standards
