Chapter 4 & 5

Question 1

What are the two types of socialization?

Answer 1

Primary- childhood
secondary- adulthood

Question 2

what is biological determinism?

Answer 2

26000 genes

Question 3

who is Sigmund Freud & what was his theory? (id,ego, superego)

Answer 3

id- unconscious drive
super ego- conscious (polices the id)
ego- main agent, balances id demands & restraints superego

Question 4

Who is Erik Erikson? (1902-1994)

Answer 4

impact of society on ego development
- characterized by a central crisis

Question 5

what is behaviouralism?

Answer 5

cultural determinism
role of “nurture”

Question 6

who is Edward Thorndike?

Answer 6

rewards & punishments

Question 7

who is Dennis H Wrong? (1961) (CANADIAN)

Answer 7

individuals resist & influence messages

Question 8

who is George Herbert Mead?
(two types of socializing agents)

Answer 8

significant- key ind, parents, friends
generalized- broader societal attitudes that children internalize

Question 9

what was Mead’s three developmental stages?

Answer 9

preparatory- child engages in imitation
play- child takes on roles of others
game- can consider multiple viewpoints

Question 10

who is Charles Cooley? (1864-1929)
(what are his three components)

Answer 10

1. how you imagine you appear to others
2. how you think others judge your appearance
3. how you feel as a result of

Question 11

what are the agents of socialization?

Answer 11

family-most influential
peer group- encourage conformity
community/neighbourgood- key agents in adolescence
mass media- impact of media
education- significant for a developing child

Question 12

What were Rowell Huesmann’s two theories?

Answer 12

observing learning-watching violence teaches to act violent
desensitization- watching violence desensitized them

Question 13

what is secondary socialization & resocialization?

Answer 13

secondary- happens in adolescence outside of familly
resocialization- unlearning old norms & adopting new ones

Question 14

what’s the difference between voluntary & involuntary resocialization?

Answer 14

voluntary- life changes made by self
involuntary- when change is forced

Question 15

what is hazing as resocialization?

Answer 15

enduring uncomfortable experiences

Question 16

what is the difference between status & status set?

Answer 16

status- recognized social position
status set- collection of statuses

Question 17

what’s the difference between achieved & ascribed status?

Answer 17

achieved- not born into (college student)
ascribed- born into or entered voluntary (mom, daughter)

Question 18

who is Everett C Hughes? (1897-1983)

Answer 18

master status
(dominates all other status)

Question 19

what’s the labelling theory? (who invented?)

Answer 19

Howard Becker, developed theory on negative effects of labels

Question 20

what’s status consistency & inconsistency?

Answer 20

consistency- “white, rich, man, heterosexual”
inconsistent- “indigenous, female, cabnit minister”

Question 21

what is culture & what are the two categories?

Answer 21

system of behaviours, beliefs, values
nonmaterial- ideas
material- physical things

Question 22

What did William Ogburn believe?

Answer 22

cultural lag- is when one facet of a culture changes at a different pace than the other facet

Question 23

what is dynamic nature?

Answer 23

cultures change over time

Question 24

what is contestation of elements?

Answer 24

disagreements about what constitutes a culture & who it belongs to

Question 25

what is authenticity debate?
what are dominates?

Answer 25

key points of what is considered to be true
people who are closely associated with the culture

Question 26

what is dominant cultures?

Answer 26

holds economic & political power

Question 27

what are minority cultures?
what are the subcategories

Answer 27

exists outside of cultural mainstream
countercultures- minorities that oppose dominate culture
subcultures- co exists with dominant culture

Question 28

what’s the difference between high culture & popular culture?

Answer 28

represents a distinct minority
represents powerless groups

Question 29

what is mass culture?

Answer 29

people with little to no agency in the culture they consume

Question 30

what is simulacra in mass culture?

Answer 30

stereotypical images produced by media.

Question 31

what is the difference between decipherment & reading?

Answer 31

decipherment- searching for distinct & intended purpose
reading- meant to be interpreted freely

Question 32

what’s are cultural norms, contestation, expression, & change/diversity?

Answer 32

norms- rules/standards
contestation- rules challenged
expression- norms expressed thru ceremonies
change/diversity- norms evolve over time

Question 33

what are sanctions?
(+/-)

Answer 33

rewards & punishments in response to behaviour
+ rewards for conforming
- reactions for violating

Question 34

who is William Graham? (1840-1910) what are his 3 norm types?

Answer 34

identified folkways- norms governing everyday behaviour
mores- serious norms that cannot be violated
taboos- deep norms that provoke disgust

Question 35

what is the difference between tangible & intangible?

Answer 35

tangible- material objects (maple leaf)
intangible- non material (canadian anthem)

Question 36

difference between ethnocentrism & eurocentric?

Answer 36

ethnocentrism- thinks their culture is superior

eurocentrism- believes European culture is better

Question 37

what’s cultural relativism & presentism?

Answer 37

relativism- judging historical figures in they’re own time
presentism- judging historical figures by todays standards