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A & P 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity. Forms boundaries between different environments.
Functions: absorption, secretion, filtration, excretion, protection, sensory reception

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2
Q

E. Cellularity

A

Composed of closely packed cells

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3
Q

E. Specialized Contacts

A

Fit close together to form continuous sheets. Adjacent cells are bound together at many points by lateral contacts. Example: tight junctions, desmosomes

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4
Q

E. Polarity

A

All epithelial exhibit polarity, regions near apical surface differ from basal surface (apical-basal polarity)

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5
Q

E. Apical Surface

A

an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or cavity of internal organ

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6
Q

E. Basal Surface

A

lower attached surface

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7
Q

E. Microvilli

A
  • Fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
  • Increase exposed surface area
  • Sometimes so dense that they have a fuzzy appearance called brush border
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8
Q

E. Cilia

A

Epithelia that propel substances along their free surface

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9
Q

E. Reticular Lamina

A
  • (Supported by Connective Tissue)
  • Deep to basal lamina
  • Layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fiber
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10
Q

E. Basement Membrane

A
  • Composed of reticular lamina and basal membrane

- Reinforces the epithelial sheet helping it to resist stretching and tearing forces

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11
Q

E. Avascular

A

Epithelial tissue is avascular, but innervated. Nourished by substances diffusing from blood vessels in underlying Connective Tissue. (Contains NO blood vessels, but supplied by nerve fibers)

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12
Q

E. Regeneration

A

High regeneration capacity provided it receives adequate nutrition.

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13
Q

Classification of Epithelia - each given 2 names.

A
  • First indicates number of layers present

- Second describes shape of cells

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14
Q

Endothelium

A

Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of cardiovascular system

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15
Q

Mesothelium

A

Found in serous membranes lining the body cavity and covering its organs

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16
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

Glands consist of one or more cells that make, secrete (export) a particular product. Secretion is an aqueous fluid that contains proteins. Active process is both glands product and process of making and releasing that product. Ducts: tube-like connections to the epithelial sheets.

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17
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • Ductless glands
  • Produce hormones which are regulating chemicals that are secreted by exocytosis directly into extracellular space
  • Structurally diverse
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18
Q

Exocrine Glands

Goblet Cells

A
  • All secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
  • Unicellular glands by exocytosis
  • includes mucous, sweat, oil and salivary glands,liver and pancreas

Goblet cells - produce mucin which forms mucus when dissolved forming a slimy coating

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19
Q

Modes of Secretion:
Merocrine
Holocrine

A

Merocrin - secrete their products by exocytosis (sweat, mucous, oil and salivary glands, liver and pancreas)

holocrine - accumulate their products until they rupture (sebaceous glands: oil - pimple)

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20
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Found everywhere in the body

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21
Q

4 Main Classes of Connective Tissue

A

Connective Tissue Proper (fat, fibrous tissues of ligaments)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

22
Q

4 Major Functions of Connective Tissue

A

Binding and Support
Protection
Insulation
Transportation

23
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Common origin (all connective tissue arises from (embryonic))

24
Q

CT. Degrees of Vascularity

A

Cartilage is avascular

Dense CT is poorly vascularized

25
Q

CT. Ground Substance

A

unstructured material that fills the space between cells and contains fibers

26
Q

CT. Interstitial Fluid

A

Fluid between cells

27
Q

CT. Cell Adhesion Proteins

A

Serve as CT glue that allows connective tissue to attach themselves to matrix elements:

  • Fibronectin
  • Laminin
28
Q

CT. Proteoglycans

A

Consists of protein core to which glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are attached

29
Q

CT. Name 3 Fibers

A

Fibers provide support.

  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
30
Q

CT. Collagen Fibers

A
  • Constructed primarily of fibrous protein collagen.
  • Extremely tough and provide high tensile strength to the matrix
  • Also called white fibers
31
Q

CT. Elastic Fibers

A
  • Long, thin fibers that form branching networks in the extracellular matrix
  • Contains rubber-like protein: elastin
  • Also called yellow fibers
  • Found in skin, lungs and blood vessels
32
Q

CT. Reticular Fibers

A
  • Fine collagenous fibers and are continuous with collagen fibers
  • Found surrounding small blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs
33
Q

CT. Cells

A

Each major class of CT has a fundamental cell type that exists in immature and mature forms

34
Q

CT. Primary Blast Cell Types

A

Connective Tissue Proper: Fibroblasts
Cartilage: Chondroblasts
Bone: Osteoblasts
Blood: Hematopoietic Stem Cell

35
Q

CT. Accessory Cell Types

A

Fat Cells: Nutrient storing
WBC: Multiple cells that migrate into CT matrix from bloodstream (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes)
- Mast Cells: Response to injury, cluster along blood vessels, act as sensitive sentinels to detect foreign substances to initiate local inflammatory responses, secretory granules containing chemicals that mediate inflammation (heparin - anticoagulant chemical to prevent blood clotting, histamine - substance that makes capillaries leaky, proteases - protein degrading enzyme)
Macrophages - respond to injury, large irregularly shaped cells that phagocytize foreign mat’l (bacteria to dust), dispose of dead tissue cells , found throughout loose CT, bone marrow & lymphatic tissue

36
Q

Connective Tissue has 2 Subdivisions

A
  1. Loose Connective Tissue (A, A, R)

2. Dense Connective Tissue (R, IR, E)

37
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar

A
  • Most widely distributed CT in body and it serves as a kind of universal packing material between other tissues
  • Loose arrangement of its fibers
38
Q

L. CT. Fibroblasts

A

Flat branching cells that appear spindle-shaped in profile

39
Q

L. CT. Adipose White Fat vs. Brown Fat

A

White: Stores nutrients
Brown: Consumes its nutrients to generate heat to warm the body, richly vascularized, occurs in babies or puppies

40
Q

Tendons/Aponeurosis

A

Muscle to bone

41
Q

Ligaments

A

Bone to bone

42
Q

Cartilage

A

Has qualities between dense CT and bone, tough but flexible, provides resilient rigidity to the structure it supports, lack nerve fibers and is avascular, chondroblasts are predominate cell type, heal slowly when injured

43
Q

Osteoblast

A

Produce organic portion of bone matrix, bone forming cells

44
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell, lie in lacunae

45
Q

3 Types of Coverings and Lining Mechanisms

A
  1. Cutaneous Membrane
  2. Mucous Membrane
  3. Serous Membrane
46
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A
  • Your skin
  • Organ system consisting of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium firmly attached to a thick layer of dense irregular CT
  • Unique because it is a dry membrane
47
Q

Mucous Membrane

A
  • Lines the body cavities that open to the exterior for example hollow organs of digestive tract, respiratory, urogenital tracts (oral and nasal cavity; hence infections)
  • adapted for absorption and secretion
  • lamina propria is a layer of loose CT underneath epithelial sheet
48
Q

Serous Membrane

A
  • Moist membranes found in closed ventral cavities
  • Consists of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of loose CT areolar
  • Thin, clear membrane that lubricates the facing surfaces of the parietal and visceral layers so that they slide across each other easily
  • Named according to their site and specific organ association
    Pleura - lungs
    Pericardium - heart
    Peritoneum - abdominopelvic cavity
49
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  • Highly cellular

- Well vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement

50
Q

Myofilaments

A

Elaborate versions of actin & myosin filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types

51
Q

Tissue Repair - 3 Steps of a Wound Repair

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Organization
  3. Regeneration & fibrous effect permanent repair

A & P 1 (4 decks)

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