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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

*Anatomy

A

studies the structure of body parts and relationships to one another

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (macroscopic)

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3
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

All structures in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time

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4
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Anatomical studies system by system

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5
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface (you can see the skin but what is underneath it? Ex: Push up

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6
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye

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7
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells of the body

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8
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues of the body

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9
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Study structural changes that occur in the body throughout lifespan

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10
Q

*Physiology

A

Concerned with the function of the body; how the parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

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11
Q

2 Levels of Physiology

A

Cellular Level and Molecular Level

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12
Q

Subdivisions of Physiology

A

There are 3 subdivisions. Renal Physiology (kidney functions and urine production), Neurophysiology (workings of the nervous system) and Cardiovascular Physiology (examine the heart and the blood vessels)

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13
Q

Embryology

A

Developmental changes before birth

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14
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

Structural changes caused by disease

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15
Q

Radiographic Anatomy

A

Studies internal structures as visualized by x-rays images or specialized scanning

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16
Q

*Principal of Complementarity of Structure and Function

A

What a structure can do depends on its form (function:structure structure:form). Example: Hinge on the door and blood flows in one direction through the heart b/c the heart has valves to prevent backflow

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17
Q

*Levels of Structural Organization

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ Level
  5. Organ System
  6. Organismal Level
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18
Q

Chemical Level

A

Atoms combine to form…molecules
Molecules in turn associate in specific ways to form…organelles
Organelles are the basic component of microscopic cells

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19
Q

Cellular Level

A

Cells are the smallest unit of living things

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20
Q

Tissue Level

A
  1. Epithelium - covers body surfaces and lines cavities
  2. Muscle - provides movement
  3. Connective Tissue - supports and protects body organs
  4. Nervous Tissue - provides a means for rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses
21
Q

Organ Level

A

Discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that perform a specific function for the body

22
Q

Organ System

A

Organs working together to accomplish a common purpose

23
Q

Organismal Level

A

Represents the sum total of all the structural levels working together to promote life

24
Q

Maintaining Boundaries

A

Internal environment remains distinct from external environment surrounding it (cellular level accomplished by plasma membrane and organismal level accompanied by your skin b/c it maintains you)

25
Movement
Activities promoted by the muscular system (Ex: Propelling ourselves from one place to another - running, etc.)
26
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in environment and then respond to them
27
Digestion
Breaking down of ingested food stuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
28
Metabolism
Broad term that includes all reactions that occur within body cells (catabolism and anabolism)
29
Catabolism
Breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (Break Down)
30
Anabolism
Synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substance (Build Up)
31
Excretion
Process of removing excreta (wastes) from the body (poo and pee)
32
Reproduction
1. Cellular Level - original cell divides, producing 2 identical daughter cells that may be used for body growth or repair 2. Organismal Level - major task of reproductive system to reproduce whole new person
33
Growth
Increased in size of a body part or the organism
34
Survival Needs
Factors required as the ultimate goal of all body systems to maintain life
35
Nutrients
Taken in through the diet, they contain the chemical substances used or energy and cell building
36
Oxygen
Most chemical reactions that release energy from foods are oxidative, meaning oxygen is required for this to occur
37
**Water
#1 most abundant chemical substance in the body, 60 to 80% of body weight
38
Normal Body Temperature
If body temp falls below 98 F then metabolic reactions become slower. When body temp is too high, chemical reactions occur at frantic pace and body proteins stop functioning (98.6 Normal)
39
Atmospheric Pressure
Force that air exerts on the surface of the body
40
Homeostasis
Ability to maintain relatively stable conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing. A dynamic state of equilibrium. Example: If your body is hot your going to sweat, body cold shiver. (Seesaw)
41
Control Mechanisms
Seek to reverse a stressful situation and bring it back to normal (communication between various body systems)
42
Receptor
Type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) by sending information (input) to a second component (control center)
43
Afferent Pathways
Carries toward the control center
44
Control Center
Determines the set point , analyzes the input it receives and determines appropriate response or cause of action
45
Effector
Means for control center responses (output) to the stimulus
46
Efferent Pathways
Info flows from the control center to the effector along this pathway. Examples: Hand on burner, that's too hot, bicep to pull off burner. Also thermostat target 74 falls below receptor picks up control center analyzes and responds turn on heat, furnace turns on till reaches target temp again
47
Negative Feedback
- Most homeostatic control mechanisms - Output shuts off original stimulus or decrease intensity - Mechanisms cause the variable to change in a direction OPPOSITE to that of the initial change - Prevent sudden severe changes within the body - Thermostat and Withdrawal reflex
48
Positive Feedback
- The result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated - Change that occurs is in the same direction as the initial disturbance - CASCADES - Childbirth and Sickle Cell Anemia, Cut - Most are destructive!
49
Homeostatic Imbalances
Most disease is the result of disturbances called homeostatic imbalance

A & P 1 (4 decks)

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