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Physical Education > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory

A

Increased ventilation
Increased tidal volume
Increased respiratory rate
Increased diffusion

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2
Q

Cardiovascular

A 
Increased heart rate
Increased stroke volume 
Increased cardiac output 
Increased systolic blood pressure (diastolic stays the same)
Increased venous return
Decreased blood volume 
Increased a-VO2 difference
Increased oxygen consumption
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3
Q

Muscular

A 
Increased motor unit recruitment 
Increased blood flow to working muscles 
Increased body temperature 
Decreased energy substrate levels
Increased lactate production
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4
Q

What are acute responses?

A

Short term changes the body needs to make to accommodate the energy required for the activity.

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5
Q

Respiratory system

A

Responsible for the delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the cells of the body. Oxygenates blood

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6
Q

Increased respiratory rate

A

Breathing rate.
Usually 12 breaths per minute at rest.
35-50 during exercise.

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7
Q

Increased tidal volume

A

The death of your breathing.
Increases from 0.5 l per breath at rest, to a max of 3-5l per breath.
Measured by a spirometer.

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8
Q

Increased ventilation

A

TVXRR=V.

Increased volume of oxygen in lungs to be diffused to blood to be transported to the working muscles.

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9
Q

V low-moderate exercise

A

TV and RR increase to increase V.

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10
Q

V sub maximal

A

V increases rapidly then slows to plateau. Takes 4-5 minutes

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11
Q

Maximal exercise

A

V increases until exercise is stopped. TV plateaus and further increases in V is needed to increase RR.
At higher intensities V is no longer proportional to oxygen consumption

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12
Q

Increased diffusion

A

Occurs in the alveoli of the lungs and the muscle capillaries.
During exercise diffusion increases to make more oxygen available and to get rid of more carbon dioxide

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13
Q

Diffusion in the lungs

A

Oxygen concentration is high, so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide levels in the blood are high, so carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli via a diffusion path.

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14
Q

Diffusion at the muscles

A

Opposite occurs as blood oxygen leve,s are high and muscle oxygen levels are low.
Exercise- diffusion increased due to increase surface area of alveoli and muscle tissue.
Carbon dioxide by product of aerobic energy production that needs to be removed.
Carbon dioxide levels in the muscles is high, so carbon dioxide moves from the muscles into the blood stream.

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15
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Comprised of the blood, heart and blood vessels.
During exercise the central nervous system needs to deliver feud and oxygen to the working muscles. Focuses on getting more blood to the working muscles and speeds up removal of carbon dioxide and waste products.

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16
Q

Increased heart rate

A

Increase of oxygenated blood flow to working muscles.
Heart rate has a max, calculated by: max HR =220-age.
Heart rate increases anticipation to exercise.

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17
Q

Increased stroke volume

A

Increases with exercise but only up to 40-60% of maximum intensity of exercise, then it plateaus.
Males generally have higher stroke volumes due to their increased heart size.

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18
Q

Untrained individual SV

A

Rest: 60-80 ml
Exercise: 80-110ml

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19
Q

Trained individual SV

A

Rest: 80-110ml
Exercise: 160-200ml

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20
Q

Increased cardiac output

A

Q=SVXHR
so that more blood can be ejected out of the heart per minute and therefore more oxygen can be delivered to the muscles.
Average adult at rest: 4-6l per min and at exercise 20-25l.
Trained athlete: can get up to 35-40l per minute

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21
Q

Increased venous return

A

More blood delivered back to the heart to reoxygenate
-muscle pump
-respiratory pump
-venoconstriction (constriction of veins)
Rate of venous return increases as intensity increases

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22
Q

Muscle pump

A

Contracts/squishes veins

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23
Q

Venoconstriction

A

Shrinking/tightening of veins

24
Q

Respiratory pump

A

Pressure gradient

25
Q

Increased blood pressure (systolic)

A

The blood pressure recorded as blood is ejected during contraction phase of the heart cycle. Will be the higher value

26
Q

Increased blood pressure (diastolic)

A

Is the blood pressure recorded during the relaxation phase of the heart cycle. Will always be the lower value

27
Q

Increased blood pressure

A

More blood is being pumped out per beat/minute and therefore it causes an increase in pressure.
Increased Q equals an increase in blood pressure.
Arteries vasodilate= more blood draining from arteries into the capillaries.

28
Q

Redistribution of blood flow

A

The redirection of blood away from areas where it’s not needed (kidney) to areas where it is needed (working muscles)
Rest: 15-20% goes to working muscles 75-80% goes to vital organs
Exercise: 80-90% goes to working muscles 10-20% goes to vital organs

29
Q

Decreased blood volume

A

The amount of volume of blood decreases a a consequence of sweating.
Caused by a decrease in plasma volume due to sweating, depends on intensity, duration and environmental factors

30
Q

Increased a-VO2 difference

A

To increase amount of oxygen that is delivered and used by the working muscles to produce energy aerobicaly.
Physical exercise leads to increase in a-VO2 difference. As exercise intensities increase the muscles increase the amount of oxygen they extract from the blood and this results in further increase in a-VO2 difference.

A trained athlete has a lower a-vo2 difference at rest and exercise.

31
Q

Muscular system

A

Where muscle contractions occur which allow movement of the skeleton.
For exercise to begin the muscular contractions are responsible for movement and need to increase.
The type of contraction, the force and the speed are controlled by central nervous system.

32
Q

Increased muscle unit recruitment

A

Increased motor neurone firing and the muscle fibres it stimulates.
Exercise= increase in amount of force dev.oped in working muscles. To do this more motor units need to be recruited.
Strength and speed dictate the amount of motor units required.
Motor units will contract maximally or not at all.

33
Q

Acute responses to exercise

A

Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Muscular

34
Q

Increased temperature

A

Heat is the By-product of converting chemical energy (fuel) to mechanical energy (movement).
An increase in the rate of reactions= heat production= body temperature increase.
Body stimulates sweat glands and increase blood flow to skin to keep body at a constant temperature.

35
Q

Decreased energy substrate levels

A

ATP- immediate source of all muscular contractions.
Short supply so muscles them rely on energy substrates for fuel.
During exercise PC donates a P to ADP to resynthesise ATP.
During exercise: decrease in fuel levels within the muscle.
Glycogen decreases faster with endurance activities compared to high intensity activities due to these activities relying on more ATP AND PC for fuel.

36
Q

Increased lactate production

A

At sub maximal exercise sharp increase in lactate, until oxygen can meet demand of the muscle and lactate removed.
At greater intensities blood lactate levels increases beyond removal lactate inflection point.
Oxygen is used to clear lactate.

37
Q

Increased oxygen uptake

A

VO2 max= oxygen uptake
Determined by cardiac output and a-VO2 difference.
VO2= QXaVO2 difference

38
Q

Arteriovenous oxygen difference

A

Difference in oxygen concentration in the arteries compared to the venuoles.

39
Q

Body temperature

A

A change in the internal temperature in the body

40
Q

Blood pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries.

41
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute

42
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

Pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes and ventricles fill with blood.

43
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of a lower concentration.

44
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats in one minutes.

45
Q

Lactate inflection point (lactate threshold)

A

The exercise intensity beyond which lactate production exceeds removal.

46
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibres it stimulates

47
Q

Oxygen uptake

A

The amount of oxygen transported to, taken up by and used by the body for energy production.

48
Q

Respiratory rate

A

The number of breaths taken in one minute

49
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle per beat

50
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

Pressure in the arteries following contraction of ventricles as blood is pumped out of the heart.

51
Q

Tidal volume

A

How much air is inspired and expired in one breath.

52
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

A decrease in the diameter of the blood vessel, resulting in a decrease in blood flow to the area supplied by the blood vessel.

53
Q

Vasodilation

A

An increase in the diameter of the blood vessel, resulting in an increase in blood flow to the area supplied by the blood vessel.

54
Q

Venous return

A

The amount of blood that is returned back to the heart via the veins

55
Q

Ventilation

A

How much air is breathed in or out in one minute

56
Q

VO2 Max

A

The maximum amount of oxygen transported to, taken up by and used by the body for energy production.

Physical Education (6 decks)

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