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Physical Education > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training
HEART at rest

A

Decrease in heart rate, increase in stroke volume, unchanged cardiac output

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2
Q

Decrease in heart rate

A

A slower heart rate is more efficient because it requires less oxygen than a faster beating heart with the same cardiac output

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3
Q

Increase stroke volume

A

Due to increased left ventricle volume and mass. Which Is due to reduced cardiac and arterial stiffness.
Increased diastolic filling time. Increased cardiac contractility.

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4
Q

Cardiac output

A

Remains unchanged at rest due to the balance of HR and SV

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5
Q

Cardiac output at max exercise

A

Increased Q increases the amount of blood and allows for a more rapid removal of by products.

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6
Q

Cardiovascular chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training
BLOOD VESSLES

A

Increase in capillaries, slight decrease of blood flow to the heart, decrease of myocardium O2 consumption, increased capillarisation of skeletal muscle, increased number of capillaries, increased blood flow to skin and increase HDL

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7
Q

Cardiovascular chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training
HEART

A

Hypertrophy of the heart muscle, increase in size of the left ventricular activity, decrease in heart rate, increase in stroke volume, cardiac output remains unchanged(rest)

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8
Q

Blood vessels: increase in capillaries

A

Increase in capillaries results in more blood flow to the heart, which means more oxygen is delivered to the heart muscle to meet the demands of the myocardium

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9
Q

Blood flow to the heart at rest

BLOOD VESSELS

A

Slight decrease

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10
Q

Myocardium oxygen consumption

BLOOD VESSELS

A

Decreases because stroke volume increases and heart rate decreases

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11
Q

Increased number of capillaries

BLOOD VESSELS

A

More capillaries around the muscle leads to an increase in the supply of oxygen and nutrients and an increase in removal of waste products

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12
Q

Blood vessels:

At rest and sub max

A

Decrease blood flow to the working muscles due to the increased ability of the muscles to deliver, extract and use oxygen

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13
Q

Increased blood flow to the skin

BLOOD VESSELS

A

Results in greater removal of heat

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14
Q

Decrease LDL Increase HDL

BLOOD VESSELS

A

HDL’s remove plaque from the artery wall and delivers it to the liver

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15
Q

BLOOD

A

Increase plasma volume and red blood cell volume, increased haemoglobin in the blood, decrease blood lactate concentration

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16
Q

BLOOD

increase in plasma

A

Assists in SV because increase in volume of the blood can fill the heart during diastole

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17
Q

Blood

Plasma volumes

A

Assist in regulation of body temperature

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18
Q

Blood

Increased haemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the working muscles

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19
Q

Blood

Blood pressure

A

Reduces at rest and sub max and has no change during max

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20
Q

Blood

DecreaseBlood lactate concentration

A

Endurance athletes show a decreased blood lactate and the ability to extend exercise levels before OBLA

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21
Q

Respiratory chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training
Structural adaptations

A

Increase lung volume, increased pulmonary function= Increase lung volume, increase diffusion (rest and sub max)

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22
Q

Respiratory chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training
Functional adaptations
Sub max and rest

A

Endurance athletes have lower ventilation rates compared to untrained athletes.
Oxygen consumption is the same or slightly lower

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23
Q

Respiratory chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training

Functional adaptations

A

Increased ventilation, increase in tidal volume and breathing frequency = increase max ventilation, increase oxygen requirements, increased max oxygen consumption.

24
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of aerobic training

Muscle structure

A

Increased aerobic capacity of slow twitch fibres, increase size of slow twitch fibres (STF are closely associated with increased capillary density surrounding the fibres

25
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of aerobic training

A-vO2 diff

A

Increase in the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood by the muscles(increase a-vo2 diff)

Increased size of slow twitch fibres is due to capillarisation of the fibre which increases diffusion of O2 and CO2

26
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of aerobic training

Myoglobin and mitochondria

A

Increase myoglobin content in STF, increased mitochondria size number and surface area, enhancing the capacity of the muscle to produce ATP

27
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of aerobic training

Oxidation of fats

A

Increased oxidation of free fatty acids.
During sub max exercise: endurance athletes are able to oxidise fatty acids more readily which is beneficial because they can use glycogen sparing.

28
Q

Factors that increase the ability of the muscles to oxidise fats are

A

Increase in intramuscular triglycerides, increase in free fatty acids and increase in oxidative enzymes

29
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of aerobic training

Oxidation of glycogen

A

Increase the ability of the skeletal muscle to oxidise glycogen

30
Q

Adaptations that cause an increase in the energy generating capacity of the muscles are

A

Increase in mitochondria size number and surface area. Increase in enzyme activity and increase in muscle glycogen stores

31
Q

Cardiovascular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training

A

Increase Thickness of left ventricle wall, slight increase of systolic function of the left ventricle (eject blood more forcefully).

32
Q

Cardiovascular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training
Rest and sub max

A

Anaerobically trained athletes usually have a lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and sub max workloads compared to untrained individuals

33
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training

A

Increase capacity of the ATP PC system and the anaerobic glycolysis system, increase ATPase activity, increased glycolytic capacity, increase in the muscular store of ATP, PC and glycogen

34
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training

Changes that occur to the skeletal muscle

A

Increase in energy substrate levels, increase enzyme activity, increase glycolytic capacity (these occur in both twitch fibres)

35
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training

Increase fuel stores allow for

A

Improved performance in events that require high power output

36
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training

Increased glycolytic capacity

A

Increase in glycolytic enzymes and glycogen stores = the rate which glycogen can be broken down into lactic acid is increased

37
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training

Neural adaptations

A

Increase in strength, increase in motor unit recruitment (greater force), increase in the ability to recruit high threshold motor units, increased firing rate for motor units, increase coordination of muscle movements

38
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training
Neural adaptations

Increase in the ability to recruit high threshold motor units

A

Muscle fibres are recruited according to size

39
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training
Neural adaptations

Increase in the recruitment of fast twitch fibres

A

And the time for which the contraction can be maintained

40
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training
Neural adaptations

Increased firing rate of motor units

A

Results in the Increase in strength and duration of muscular contractions

41
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training

Hypertrophy

A

Increase muscle size, increase cross sectional areas of the muscle, increase In Contractile proteins, connective tissue will thicken

42
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training
Hypertrophy

Increased muscle size results in one or more of these changes

A

Increased number and size of myofibrils, increased contractile proteins and increase in size and strength of connective tissue

43
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training
Hypertrophy

Increase cross sectional areas of the muscle

A

Is a result of increase number and size of myofibrils.

44
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training
Hypertrophy

An increase in contractile proteins

A

Increase the contractile capacity of the muscle

45
Q

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training
Hypertrophy

Connective tissue will strengthen and thicken

A

Increase in tendon thickness which assists in force production

46
Q

VO2 max

A

The maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken up, transported and utilised per minute. Measured in ml of oxygen/kg of body weight/ minute. Eg 15ml/kg/min

47
Q

Absolute vo2 max

A

Doesn’t consider body weight

48
Q

Relative vo2 max

A

Considers body weight

49
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Oxygen carrying compound found in red blood cells

50
Q

Mitochondria

A

Part of a cell, the site of aerobic respiration in muscles. It’s role is to produce ATP

51
Q

Myoglobin

A

Oxygen carrying pigment found in muscle cells

52
Q

What is glycogen sparing

A

Allows fats to be used more readily and earlier during performances

53
Q

How does glycogen sparing occur

A

It results in less use of the anaerobic glycolysis system and allows glycogen to be used later in performances

54
Q

Adaptations that increase LIP

A

The mitochondria size, number and surface area increases which increases the capability to oxidise food fuels resulting in an athlete working at higher intensities for longer periods of time before reaching their LIP

55
Q

How one adaptation can cause an increase or decrease in another

A

At rest: the decrease of heart rate and increase of stroke volume results in cardiac output to remain unchanged

Physical Education (6 decks)

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