Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
Sedentary behaviour for adults
Minimise time spent in prolonged sitting.
Break up long periods of sitting as often as possible
Physical activity guidelines for young people
Should accumulate in at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA everyday
Include some aerobic activity
At least 3 days a week engage in bone strengthening activities
1- several hours a day
Sedentary behaviour for young people
Minimise time spent being sedentary by:
Limit use of electronics media to no more than 2 hours a day
Break up long periods of prolonged sitting as much as possible
Barriers of PA
Gender, socioeconomic status, culture, lack of time, lack of motivation, income, location, low self efficacy and injury
Physical activity guidelines for adults
Any sort of physical activity is better than doing none
Be active most days of the week
Accumulate in 2.5-5 hours of moderate intensity PA or 1.25-2.5 hours of vigorous intensity PA a week
Muscle strengthening PA 2 days a week
METs
METS is a way of measuring physical activity intensity
This unit is used to estimate the amount of oxygen used by the body during physical activity
1 MET= energy expenditure at rest
The harder you work, the higher he MET
3-6 moderate 6+ vigorous
Dimensions of PA
Frequency: the number of times a person engages in PA
Intensity: how hard an activity is
Duration: Length of time engaged in PA
Type: type of domain eg.household chores
Subjective and objective definition
Subjective: depends on the individuals owns perception/opinion. Good for measuring a populations health
Objective: rely off solid data or observations, measured by an object. Good for measuring an individual’s health
Subjective and objective measures
Subjective: recalls survey, diaries or logs
Objective: pedometers, heart rate monitors, accelerometers and direct observation
Recall survey
Self administered survey for the past month/week
May need a proxy report for children and elderly
ADVANTAGES: no reactivity, assesses all dimensions, quick, easy and cheap
DISADVANTAGES: can be inaccurate due to social desirability bias, not suitable for children under 10 or elderly due to cognitive limitations
Logs/diaries
Reporting daily into diaries for all dimensions
May need proxy report for children and elderly
ADVANTAGES: good for small groups, easy to complete, measures all dimensions s
DISADVANTAGES: can be inaccurate due to social desirability bias, not suitable for children or elderly
Direct observation
Involves watching participant and recording results using a template
Commonly used for schools
ADVANTAGES: quick and easy for small groups, records context, qualitative and quantitive information, behaviour is observed and used in school settings
DISADVANTAGES: difficult with large groups, time and intensive labour
Pedometry
Small device that counts steps
ADVANTAGES: inexpensive, non-invasive, small, able to measure common activity, can be used in all settings
DISADVANTAGES: doesn’t measure the dimensions, misses a lot of context of PA, loss of accuracy when running, and possibility of being tampered with by the participant, potential to be reactive
Accelerometry
Worn by participant and records all body motion over time. Focuses on acceleration and deacceleration.
ADVANTAGES: provides information and on frequency, intensity and duration, small, simple, quick data
DISADVANTAGES: expensive, not good for large groups, needs a pro to administer
Reactivity
Bias that occurs when people modify their behaviour during the period of measurement
Eg. If people know they’re being measured the may alter their PA
Social desirability bias
When a persons report results are a,there’s in some way to appear more socially desirable
Eg. Boy might write 5hrs of PA instead of2
Validity
The degree to which a test or instrument measures what it claims to measure.
It relates to the accuracy of a measure
Reliability
The ability of a test to produce consistent and repeatable results
Practicality
The quality or state of being practical
Mediator
A mediator is a mechanism through which the strategy is believed to influence physical activity
Self efficacy
Confidence in your ability to be active within a specific circumstance
Eg. When you’re tired
PA behaviour change
- Baseline measures (pre intervention)
- Intervention programs
- Change in mediators
- Post intervention measures of behaviour change
PA promotion
Individual
Strategies to achieve individual behaviour change
Print and web based media
Counselling
Process of change
Print and we based media
Web: Facebook, Twitter, website, email, text
Print: flyers, handouts, brochures, booklets
Counselling
In person eg. Person trainer, doctor, physio
- Assess motivational readiness
- Matching motivational readiness with process of change
- Identifying opportunities to be active
- Contracting
- enlisting social support
- Reminder systems
- Gradual programming
- Tailoring
Process of change
The types of strategy employed to encourage changes in PA levels
Process of change cognitive strategies
-awareness of Risks
-increasing knowledge
-caring about consequences to others
-comprehending benefits
-increasing health opportunities
COGNITIVE=THINKING
Process of change, behavioural strategies
-enlisting social support
-reminding yourself
-rewarding yourself
-substituting alternatives
-committing yourself
BEHAVIOURL=DOING
PA Promotion
Population
Strategies to achieve changes in the population
Mass media
Environmental change
Policy
Environmental change
Remove impediments to the activity (take away reasons not to participate in PA)
Introduce new facilities
Should be tailored to the settings
Eg. Bike racks at a school in the city are impractical due to lack or pathways and safety
Policy
Laws, regulations and rules
Legislation policy: governed by law enforcement
Organisational policy: appropriate behaviour
Eg. Sun smart policy, needs a hat
Mass media
Aim is to reach groups of individuals without personal contact or face to face meetings
Tv, radios, billboards, newspaper
Intrapersonal factors
Individual
Factors: Demographics Biological Behavioural Cognitive of effective
Interpersonal factors
Social environment
Factors:
Cultural
Social climate
Supportive behaviours
Social ecological model levels
Individual: gender, age, socioeconomic stauts
Social environment: friends, family, workmates
Physical environment: weather, location
Policy: rules and regulations
Individual level
Intervention strategies
Includes personal factors that increase/decrease the likelihood of an individual being physically active
Strategies:
Counselling
Incentives
Support groups
Physical environment
Intervention strategies
Can either be built or natural environment
Strategies
Inclusion of walking tracks
Parks in housing estates
Policy level
Intervention strategies
Refers to rules, legislation, regulatory or policy, making actions that have the potential to effect PA
Social ecological model inter-relationships
All levels effect one another
For an intervention to be successful it should target all areas
No single factors count
Interventions/ strategy/ program effectiveness
More likely to be effective when all levels are involved
Structure of SEM answer
- Begin with definiton
- Name the program, is likely/not likely to be successful because it does/doesn’t address all four levels
- Discuss each level and an example, write in brackets what the level is
- All factors worked/didn’t work together because they did/didn’t address all four levels
Defintion of social ecological model
A multilevel approach to changing PA behaviour
Settings based approach
When promotional strategies are delivered within a defined setting,
Eg. School, workplace
School setting
Interventions and initiatives
Plays an essential role in providing a physical and social environment that supports children in enjoying an active life
Interventions: Use PA in cultural and leisure events
Use combinations of social influences and Provide facilities
Initiatives: go for your life, the walking school bus
Community setting
Initiatives and interventions
Broadly defined to include groups of people from the same suburb, town, city or county
Initiative: 10,000 step program
Intervention: support local councils and other organisations, Distribute information to encourage PA
Workplace settings
Benefits, approaches, initiative
Ideal place to promote PA because majority of the population work
Bring people together to provide social support
Benefits to employers: reduce staff turnovers, increase productivity, reduce absenteeism
Approaches: an environmental audit, encourage stairs instead of lifts
Initiatives: find 30 everyday
Vichealth
Role in Promoting
Initiatives
Fosters change in the social, cultural and physical environments that influence the health of all Victorians
Role: encouraging the development of healthy environments in sporting clubs, providing financial support to clubs, finding safe routes to schools.
Initiatives: cycling for health, keen agers, go west
Nation heart foundation
Mission
Work closely with all levels of government groups to promote hearth health and implement policies that improve cardiovascular health of Australians
Mission: to reduce suffering and death from stroke, heart and vessel disease in Australia
Heart foundation
Promoting PA
- Forming partnerships with government departments to pride PA advice
- Promotes awareness of healthy lifestyles from mass media campaigns
- Raising funds for health research
Health spaces and places
Aim
National guide to designing space and places for healthy living and PA promotion
Links the heart foundation, the Australian local government association and the planning institute of Australia
Aim: encourage the development of built environments that provide an opportunity to be active
State governments role in promoting physical activity
Funding research, mass media campaigns and local initiatives
Major initiates
Go for your life and go for your life kids (school)
Barriers to physical activity
Age, motivation levels, attitude, lack of time, lack of access, lack of self efficacy
