Chapter 4 Flashcards
5 components of an ecosystem
Mineral nutrients, energy, water, oxygen, and living organisms
Biotic factors
Environmental factors that result in activities with living organisms which include plants, animals, dead organisms, and the waste of these.
Abiotic factors
Environmental factors that are not associated with the activities of living organisms, including air, water, rocks, and temp.
Organisms
Living things that can carry out the life processes independently (anything living)
Species
A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce offspring
Populations
Groups of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed
Communities
Groups of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with eachother
Made up of different populations
Habitat
Place where organism lives
Natural selection
the process by which individuals that have favorable variations are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully
Evolution
Change in the characteristics of a population, from one generation to another
Process of evolution by natural selection
individuals in a population vary in each generation. some of these variations are genetic or inherited. more individuals are produced than live to grow up and reproduce. individuals with some genes are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other genes.
Concept of adaptation
its becoming adapted to an environment, it is also an inherited trait increasing chance of survival and reproduction. it is an anatomical, physiological or behavioural change that improves a population’s ability to survive.
The steps by which a population of insects become resistant to pesticides
survivors of the pesticide have a gene that protects them from it, then the survivors pass on the gene to their offspring, lastly each time the pesticide is sprayed the insects have agretaer survival chance.
Adaptation
The process of becoming adapted to an environment
coevolution
The process of two species evolving in response to long-term interactions with each other
Mutualistic coevolution
Both organisms benefit from eachother
Ex: spider crab and algae, digestive bacteria and humans
Competitive coevolution
When one organism evolves and has a negative effect on another organism
Artificial selection
The selective breeding of organisms, by humans, for specific desirable characteristics
Resistance
The ability of an organism to tolerate a chemical or disease designed to kill
3 domains and 4 kingdoms of organisms and characteristics of each
domain archaea- reproduces by dividing in half, found in harsh environments
domain bacteria- reproduces by dividing in half; very common
domain eukarya- cells contain nuclei; reproduce asexually and sexually
kingdom fungi- absorbs their food through body surface; most live on land
kingdom protista- most are unicellular, most live in water
kingdom plantae- multicellular mkae their food with photosynthesis
kingdom animalia- multicellular; have no cell walls; ingest their food; live on land and water
Archaea
Differ from bacteria in their genetics and the makeup of their cell wall
Bacteria
Unicellular organisms that usually have a cell wall and reproduce by cell division
The role of Protists in the ocean environment
protists are unicellular and floar=t on the oceans surface, protists are the initial source of food in most ocean and freshwater ecosystems
Fungus
An organism whose cells have nuclei and belong to a kingdom fungi
Gymnosperms
Woody vascular seed plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a fruit (no ovary)
Angiosperms
A flowering plant that produces seeds within fruits
Intervertebraes
Animals that do not have backbones
Vertebrates
Animals that have a backbone
Ecosystem
All organisms living in an area together with their physical abiotic movement, they have no boundaries
