Chapter 4 Flashcards
Addictive behaviors
compulsive and provide short term pleasure at the expense of more severe and long term negative consequences
Characteristics of drug and behavior addiction or dependence
Mood modification. Salience. Tolerance. Compulsive use. Relapse
Mood modification
Drug or activity alters a person’s subjective experience. It increases pleasure (euphoria) or relieves negative feelings (dysphoria)
Salience
Drug or activity is most important in persons life. It is felt as craving and dominates a persons thinkings, feelings, and behavior
Tolerance
Individual requires increasing amounts of the drug or behavior in order to achieve the same mood modifications effects as earlier
Withdrawal
Abstaining from the drug or behavior produces unpleasant feelings of unpleasant physical symptoms
Compulsive use
The person continues drug use or activity despite knowledge of negative consequences on family, job, social life, health, finances, and lawful behavior.
Relapse
After abstince from drug use or activities, the person can easily return to ealier patterns of drug use or addictive behaviors.
Phychoactive drugs
chemicAL SUBSTANCE THAT ALTERS A PERSONS MOOD AND BEHAVIOR AS A RESULT OF THE DRUGS EFFECT on the function of the brain.
Caffeine
Most widely consumed psychoactyive substance in the world
Alcohol
Ethanol
Psychotherapeutics
Drugs are obtained by prescription for legitimate medical relief
Cocaine
Coca paste
Craving
which is the overpowering uncontrollable urge for the drug the person is using.
Koob and Le Moal 2008
craving as a memory of the rewarding effects of a drug superimposed on a negative emotional state.
Behavioral genetics
based on the assumption that drugs have their effects on structures in the brain
Impulsiveness
personality trait associate with psychoactive drug. Heightened sensitivity too rewards and lack of foresight and planning
Phermones
a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species.
CCR
Evoke conditioned responses that are the opposite of drug-unconditioned responses.
UCR
Morphine sensitivity to pain
CR
Conditioned response opposite of UCR
CS
Place associated with drug
Liability
likelihood of becoming an alcoholic
Opponent process theory
Intial pleasureable reaction to a drug is held in check by an opponent process or drug-opposite effect characterized by dysphoria and withdrawal
Incentive sensitization theory
emphasizes that individuals are motivated by a drugs incentive value not by its hedonic value
Antagonists
Substances capable of blocking the pleasurable effects of a psychoactive drug.
Priming
the development of cravings whether by being exposed to the drug itself or to stimuli associated with the drug
What drugs are university students more likely to use?
Alcohol and cigs
What substances or behaviors are hereditable
All drugs and gambling and caffeine
Sensation seekers
a trait that is associated with seeking varied, intense, and novel sensations and the willingness to take various risks to experience those sensations
Disinhibition
reduced social restraint, which is associated with the tendency to party, gamble, and engage in sexual activities
Two components of impulsiveness
Heightened sensitivity to rewards and lack of foresight and planning
Where do the action of psychoactive drugs occur at
synapse
Mesolimbic dopamine system
reward system
2 characteristics of mesolimbic dopamine system
composed of neurons deep in the brain that connect different sites like nucleus acumbens and ventral tegmntal area. Interact with several suspected neurotransmitters durinmg stimulation of neurons in critical regions of the mesolimbic dopamine systems
How do cocain and amphetamine work in brain
blocking the reuptake of dopamine back into neurons located in the nucleus accumbens.
Classical conditioning
conditioned response and the unconditioned response are usually the same.
2 hormones released when stressed
Adrenaline (epinephrine) and cortisol
Motivation for change
Interplay between cognition and addiction
