Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards
Motivation
Concerns those processes that five behavior its energy and direction.
Motive
Persons internal dispostion to approach positive incentive and negative incentive.
Incentive
Anticipated reward or adverse events in the environment. (External)
Push-Pull Metaphor
Motivated behavior results from a person being pushed and pulled toward some end state.
Emotion
a universal functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive phenomena, logical, and behavioral channels that facilitate fitness enhancing environment. (Shaping responses to the current situation.
Consummatory behavior
You are indulging in the goal.
Cognitive Motivation
(Pull method) Works by visualizing an end-state as a goal and executing a plan or following a script in order to achieve that goal.
Anticipatory behavior
(Pull Method) imaginary response. (visualizing eating or drinking)
Affective forecasting
(Pull Method) Anticipation how we will feel, or effect.
Choice
The selection of the motive or incentive at anytime.
Instrumental behaviors
Those motivated activities in which a person engages to satisfy a motive.
Auxillary Assumptions about motivation.
Behavior may not occur if assumptions are not met.
Energy for motivation
to be moved to behavior or think assumes energy.
Cathexis
Accumulation of energy within the brain’s neurons as hypothesized by Freud.
Adaption energy
Hans Selye - assumed the body possessed a certain amount of adaptation energy that can be used to overcome stress.
Self regulation/Self control
Refers to the ability to control the effects that a person’s emotions and impulses have on her or his behavior.
Processing resources
Capacities that allow the mind to carry out operations that are necessary for the motivation of behavior.
Physical Energy
Glucose- powers the brain and muscles.
Competence
Being capable of performing the behavior necessary to achieve a desired effect.
Internal Sources
A persons biological states and psychological dispositions determine what will be motivating.
Biological variable
material characteristics of the body and brain that serve to motivate behavior.
Ghrelin
Hormone that is released in the stomach and promotes hunger and eating.
Psychological variables-
Motives - are studied indirectly through measurable indicators.
Reductionism
The minds mental processes can be reduced to the activity of nuerons in the brain.
Emergence
Brains neuronal activity issues for the mental processes-that is the mind in an emergent property of the brain.
Environmental variables
Refer to those characteristics of incentives and goals that have the ability to attract or repel.
Evolutionary History
The effects of millions of years of natural selection in shaping motives and emotions that aided survivval of the individual and the species.
Evolutionary psychology
Attempts to understand currect human behavior by relating it to our evolutionary past.
Personal History
An individuals experience from conception to present.
Individual differences
The study of motivation involves the search for general laws of behavior that apply to all humans.
Internal State
An individuals feelings (hunger-sleep)
Emotions
Distinct feelings that motivate behaviors (Move Out) Fear anxiety
Experimental variable
Is the one manipulated by the experimenter to create different levels or values.
Correlation variable
Contains levels that are measured but not created by the experimenter
Dependent variable
refers to behavior that depends on the experimental variable.
Aristotle
Theory of 4 causes. Efficent. Final, Formal, and material.
Hedonism
Pursuit of pleasure and avoidance
Socrates
Pleasure exceeds pain.
Democritis
Stive for pleasure. Avoid pain.
Epicurus
Wait for greater pleasures.
Thomas Hobbes
Incentive motivation
John Locke
Greater good
Jeremy Bentham
Servants of pain and pleasure
Principle of utility
Idea that our actions are determined by whether they decrease or increase our happiness.
Freud
Pleasure principle. Reality principle.
Edward Lee Thorndike
Pain and pleasure motivate behavior when those feelings reach our awareness.
Herbert Spencer
Strive to bring feelings of pleasure into conciousness while also trying to drive out feelings of pain
Law of effect
Cat escaped because of satisfaction that resulted from escaping, whereas remaining in the box was associated with less satisfaction
John Watson
Introduced Behaviorism
WoodWorth
Dynamic psychology. = Drive
Tolman and Honzik
Cognnitive map and lantent learning
