Chapter 4 Flashcards
Maxims of Cooperative principles in communication
strive to communicated based on assumption to be sincere
6 Maxims
Quality - honesty
Quantity - expect equal participation in communication (receprocity)
Relevance - expect people to stay on topic
Manner - large range of appropriate behavior (ex. eye contact)
Relations with conversation partner - knowledge of conversational history
Rule Violations - marking that you havent followed a principle
Proxemics
personal space in conversations for U.S. it is 1/2 to 4 ft
Kinesics
Bodily movements in conversation (includes things like eye contact and gestures)
Eye Contact across cultures
greater in arabic cultures than U.S. Native Americans use less than African Americans less than Whites
Paralanguage
nonverbal vocal cues in conversation such as loudness of voice, silences, and rates of speech
High Context
communication in which the context conveys much of the meaning (China, Japan & Korea)
Indirect communication
relies upon context and the receivers ability to draw inferences
Low context
language is dependent on communication (U.S., germany, swiss, scandavians)
Direct communication
blunt communication that is literal and to the point
Negative stereoytypic
according to Rebeau and associates, stereotyping that casts african americans in a negative light or that limits discussion to “african american topics” such as athletics and musics
Personal expressiveness
speaking from the heart not the head - african americans typically do this
Authenticity
being truthful and not trying to be merely politically correct
Power dynamics (according to Rbbeau)
refers to the powerlessness and assertiveness in conversations with african americans. Sometimes african americans can feel powerless when conversing with white conversational partners
Code switching
moving between BSE (black standard english) and the queens english
Gender and nonverbal behaviors
women tend to lean away and smile more than men (so do people in a low status group. Women tend to be better at coding nonverbal behavior but if a man has incentive to do so, there is no significant difference
Tag questions
questions added to a statement of assertion such as “this is good, don’t you think” women tend to do this
Qualifiers
words or phrases that soften statements such as “I may be wrong, but”
Studies of effectiveness of speech
tentative speech was more persuasive when used by a woman but still rated less competent than a male. Women can either be friendly or competent, but rarely both
Additive bilingualism
the acquisition of a second language that does not replace the native language
Subtractive bilingalism
the acquisition of a second language that replaces the native language (language attrition)
