Chapter 4

Question 1

Etiology

Answer 1

identification of the causes of disease

Question 2

Proximate risk factors

Answer 2

refer to health-related individual behaviors such as diet exercise, use of tobacco, alcohol, control of stress and other aspects of lifestyle

Question 3

Fundamental causes of diseases

Answer 3

refer to underlying social conditions such as socioeconomic status, social inequality, community and neighborhood exposure to stressful life events (crime, victimization,) and access to supportive social networkds

Question 4

Causal pathways through ones position in the social structure can determine their health status and the likeliehood of disases

Answer 4

physical environment - presence of harmful substances
social environment (physiological response) - stressful environments and access to supportive social environment
differential susceptibility - opportuniites individuals have for occupation success and upward social mobility
individual lifestyle - differences in health habits and behaviors (highly education, richer people healthier)
differential access to/response to health care services - differences in health care reflect services provided
reverse causality - ones health status influences position in the social structure. the sick become poor. little empirical support

Question 5

Etiology of CVD

Answer 5

Five Major proximate risk factors

1) cig smoking
2) poor diet (cholesterol and blood sugar)
3) high blood pressure
4) obesity
5) high levels of social stress