Chapter 2

Question 1

Early societies

Answer 1

Supernatural belief system: lots of “God did it”s caused by direct intervention of a god or spirit through a sorcerer or some foreign intrusion.

Question 2

Trephination

Answer 2

The most amazing procedure - using sharpened stones to drill or carve a hole into the skull. No one knows what the purpose of this was beside to release evil spirits

Question 3

The first physicians

Answer 3

Shamans - witch doctors. Highly revered individuals who provided effective medical care. Lots of plants, herbs, and prayer. Very effect psychotherapeutic effect

Question 4

Egyptian Civilizations

Answer 4

Evolutions of physicians into specialists since most of them focused on one particular part of the body. Also medicine was documented. Code of Hammurabi is possibly the first code of conduct. Beers papyrus is a medical textbook

Question 5

Greek and Roman societies

Answer 5

Religion and medicine still linked. Ex Apollo the God of the sun and health

Question 6

Hippocrates

Answer 6

The father of medicine. Three major contributions
Principle of natural rather than supernatural explanations of disease
His writings (corpus hippocraticum (70 books and essays on medicine)
His teaching of human compassion and ethical standards

Question 7

Humoral theory of disease

Answer 7

There are four natural elements in the world and four natural properties. People are healthy when the four humors are in balance and when the individual is in balance with the environment

Question 8

Hippocratic oath

Answer 8

First section expresses reciprocal comity nets

Second section is a brief summary of ethical guidelines

Question 9

History of medicine

Answer 9

Early societies, medieval and Renaissance, pre-industrial, post 1850’s

Question 10

Roman contributions to medicine

Answer 10

Recognition of unsanitary conditions contributed to the spread of disease

Question 11

Galen

Answer 11

Pivotal figure of Roman early society. A physician whose ideas dominated medicine for the next 12 centuries. Anatomy

Question 12

Medieval era

Answer 12

500 ad to 1500 ad. Medicine back slides during this period

Question 13

Monastic medicine

Answer 13

Based on the monastery. Officially controlled by the church in Byzantium (early Christian church) hostile to physicians for 2 reasons

• Disease and illness are beneficial in that they test ones faith in God
• All illnesses occur as punishment or possession

Question 14

Second half of medieval era

Answer 14

Scholastic medicine - universities begin to play a role in medicine education. Other things going on: epidemics diseases like the Black Death; earliest hospitals were developed during this period

Question 15

Paracelsus

Answer 15

Held that God revealed medical truth to humans through revelation

Question 16

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 16

Refuted Galen’s ideas. Said his descriptions portrayed monkeys not humans

Question 17

Medicine in the Renaissance

Answer 17

Scholarly blinders of the Middle Ages discarded in favor of humanism; stressed the dignity of the individual

Question 18

Medical specialization

Answer 18

Physicians became a hot thing but surgeons were not. They just cut up people not to sure of what they what doing. Apothecaries were on the same level of surgeons - they just gave out plants.

Question 19

Preindustrial period (1600-1850)

Answer 19

Development of modern science - enlightenment
Francis bacon and Rene Descartes argued for natural explanations for events that could be understood thought observation and experimentation

Question 20

William Harvey

Answer 20

Most important physiological advancement. Confirmation of circulation of blood.

Question 21

18th century - Age of Enlightenment

Answer 21

Development of modern idea or pathology and the anatomical concept of disease. Also emergence of public health and preventative medicine

Question 22

19th century

Answer 22

Discovery of the cell (Rudolph Virchow)
Germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur) modern father of medicine. Lead to discovery of the cause of tetanus, pneumonia, to, etc

Question 23

Themes of Medical History

Answer 23

I. Shifting understanding of medicine including causes of disease role of alternative healing.
II. The time lag between discovery to acceptance to impact for patients