Chapter 2 Flashcards
Early societies
Supernatural belief system: lots of “God did it”s caused by direct intervention of a god or spirit through a sorcerer or some foreign intrusion.
Trephination
The most amazing procedure - using sharpened stones to drill or carve a hole into the skull. No one knows what the purpose of this was beside to release evil spirits
The first physicians
Shamans - witch doctors. Highly revered individuals who provided effective medical care. Lots of plants, herbs, and prayer. Very effect psychotherapeutic effect
Egyptian Civilizations
Evolutions of physicians into specialists since most of them focused on one particular part of the body. Also medicine was documented. Code of Hammurabi is possibly the first code of conduct. Beers papyrus is a medical textbook
Greek and Roman societies
Religion and medicine still linked. Ex Apollo the God of the sun and health
Hippocrates
The father of medicine. Three major contributions
Principle of natural rather than supernatural explanations of disease
His writings (corpus hippocraticum (70 books and essays on medicine)
His teaching of human compassion and ethical standards
Humoral theory of disease
There are four natural elements in the world and four natural properties. People are healthy when the four humors are in balance and when the individual is in balance with the environment
Hippocratic oath
First section expresses reciprocal comity nets
Second section is a brief summary of ethical guidelines
History of medicine
Early societies, medieval and Renaissance, pre-industrial, post 1850’s
Roman contributions to medicine
Recognition of unsanitary conditions contributed to the spread of disease
Galen
Pivotal figure of Roman early society. A physician whose ideas dominated medicine for the next 12 centuries. Anatomy
Medieval era
500 ad to 1500 ad. Medicine back slides during this period
Monastic medicine
Based on the monastery. Officially controlled by the church in Byzantium (early Christian church) hostile to physicians for 2 reasons
- Disease and illness are beneficial in that they test ones faith in God
- All illnesses occur as punishment or possession
Second half of medieval era
Scholastic medicine - universities begin to play a role in medicine education. Other things going on: epidemics diseases like the Black Death; earliest hospitals were developed during this period
Paracelsus
Held that God revealed medical truth to humans through revelation
Andreas Vesalius
Refuted Galen’s ideas. Said his descriptions portrayed monkeys not humans
Medicine in the Renaissance
Scholarly blinders of the Middle Ages discarded in favor of humanism; stressed the dignity of the individual
Medical specialization
Physicians became a hot thing but surgeons were not. They just cut up people not to sure of what they what doing. Apothecaries were on the same level of surgeons - they just gave out plants.
Preindustrial period (1600-1850)
Development of modern science - enlightenment
Francis bacon and Rene Descartes argued for natural explanations for events that could be understood thought observation and experimentation
William Harvey
Most important physiological advancement. Confirmation of circulation of blood.
18th century - Age of Enlightenment
Development of modern idea or pathology and the anatomical concept of disease. Also emergence of public health and preventative medicine
19th century
Discovery of the cell (Rudolph Virchow)
Germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur) modern father of medicine. Lead to discovery of the cause of tetanus, pneumonia, to, etc
Themes of Medical History
I. Shifting understanding of medicine including causes of disease role of alternative healing.
II. The time lag between discovery to acceptance to impact for patients
