Chapter 4 Flashcards
What are the secondary sexual characteristics in males? Why are they secondary?
They include growth spurts, facial, underarm and pubic hair and the deepening of the voice. They distinguish males from females but don’t have a role in reproduction.
What is puberty and when does it start in males?
It is when males mature and gain the ability to reproduce. It begins between the ages of 12 to 18, when hormones are released from the pituitary gland in the brain and stimulate the testes to produce the male sex hormone testosterone.
What are the primary sexual characteristics in males?
They include reproductive organs that produce sperm and allow them to reach the female.
Explain the structure of the sperm.
Sperm is divided into three sections; the head, middle, and tail. The head is composed of a capsule which contains chemicals that allow it to penetrate the egg. The head also has a haploid nucleus which has 23 chromosomes. The middle piece has mitochondria that provides energy for the sperm cell. The tail (flagellum) helps it move. The sperm is streamlined and built to move.
What do the testes do and what are they surrounded with?
They are outside the abdominal cavity and are enclosed in a protective sac called scrotum. The function of the testes is to produce and nourish developing sperm. They also produce testerone.
Where are the seminiferous tubules located and what is their function?
They are a mass of coiled tubes inside each testis. They contain diploid cells which undergo meiosis to produce haploid sperm cells.
Where are mature sperm cell stored?
They are stored in the epididymis above the testes.
What is the path of a mature sperm cell?
They travel out of the body through two tubes. Vas deferens is a tube that carries the sperm to the urethra. The urethra, which is located in the penis, transports the sperm outside the body. It enters a female during sexual intercourse. The sperm cells and other fluids are ejaculated outside the penis when inside female.
What is the function of the urethra?
It is part of both the excretory and reproductive system. It carries both urine and sperm outside the body at separate times.
How does seminal fluid help sperm?d
It provides sugar for energy, protects the sperm from acidic female reproductive tract, and provides fluid for swimming.
What are the male accessory glands and what are their functions?
The seminal vesicles, prostate gland and cowper’s glands are all accessory glands that secrete seminal fluid.
Why do sperm need male accessory glands?
Sperm needs a fluid to swim in and nutrients to provide energy for the journey. The accessory glands secrete seminal fluid, which acts as a substance for sperm to swim in. Seminal fluid also provides sugar as energy and protection from the acidic reproductive tract in a female.
What it semen composed of?
It is made of sperm and seminal fluid.
How many sperm are produced in a single day?
200 to 300 million sperm are produced in a single day.
How long does it take for sperm to mature?
It takes 65 to 75 days for sperm to mature.
How do sperm cells mature?
Sperm cells start as diploid cells on the insides surface of seminiferous tubules. They increase in number by undergoing meiosis to become haploid cells. Because they need a lot of energy to mature, special support cells povide nourishment to developing sperm. When sperm reach the centre of the tubule, they are almost mature. Sperm cells then move to the epididymis where they finish maturing.
What happens to the sperm that don’t reach the egg?
They die and are broken down by white blood cells. New sperm cells replace the old ones.
Can sperm be produced in old age?
Yes, although the number of mature sperm decreases.
What are the secondary sexual characteristics in females?
They include the development of mammary glands, the growth of underarm and pubic hair, the widening of the hips, and the maturing of sexual organs.
When does puberty begin for females?
It begins between the ages 10 to 12.
Where do eggs mature? Where are they released?
They mature in the ovary, and are released into the oviduct monthly.
How many eggs do females start with at birth?
They start with about two million eggs, though most will degenerate, leaving 400 000 at puberty. Old eggs are not replaced by new ones, unlike sperm.
What hormones are produced in the female reproductive system and what are their functions?
The hormones estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin are produced. Estrogen stimulates the development of the secondary sexual characteristics. Progesterone stimulates the endometrium to develop in preparation for the fertilized egg. Also, progesterone prevents any other eggs from maturing and stimulates for the mammary glands to develop more milk ducts during pregnancy. Prolactin causes for milk to be produced in mammary glands after birth.
What is the path of the egg?
The egg is first released from the ovary into the oviduct, where it travels to the uterus. In the oviduct, wave like muscular contractions, called peristalsis, and cilia help move the egg. If the egg is not fertilized by the time it has reached the uterus, it will be flushed out through menstruation. It will go out through the cervix and then the vagina.
What is menstruation?
It is the shedding of the endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus. It is rich in blood vessels, nutrients, and mucus.
What is the flow phase?
It’s the first phase of menstruation, in which the endometrium is shed.
What is the follicular phase?
It is the phase in which a new follicle is developed, the endometrium reforms, and estrogen is produced.
What is ovulation?
It’s when an egg is released from the ovary.
What is the luteal phase?
In the luteal phase, the empty follicle develops into the corpus luteum. The endometrium thickens, and estrogen and progesterone are produced.
How long is each menstrual cycle?
Each cycle lasts for approximately 28 days, though it can vary between 20 to 40 days.
What is menopause and when does it occur?
It is the permanent end of the menstrual cycle. It occurs between the ages 40 and 50.
Where does fertilization take place?
It takes place in the oviduct.
What organ receives the embryo?
The uterus recieves the embryo.
What is a female accessory gland?
Mammary glands are female accessory glands. They contain milk producing lobes to feed the baby.
What is the size of an zygote?
It is 0.1 mm in diameter.
How many sperm are needed to ensure fertilization?
Several million sperm are needed to ensure fertilization.
How many sperm reach the oviduct and how many fertilize the egg?
100 sperm reach the egg but only one fertilizes it.
What happens after a single sperm penetrates the egg?
The egg releases a protein that prevents other sperm from penetrating. The cell membranes and the nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse to produce a zygote.
When is a zygote called embryo?
A zygote is called an embryo when it begins dividing in oviduct and is implanted into the uterus by the end of the first week.