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Science grade 9 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the function of growth in cell division

A

All living things are made of cells
Begin life as single cell
Uses cell division to grow
When the cell reaches a certain size it can’t function properly and divide into 2
Cell specialize and form tissues and organs

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2
Q

What are 3 main functions of cell division

A

Growth , reproduction and repair

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3
Q

What are the 3 main functions of cell division

A

growth, repair and reproduction

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4
Q

Explain growth in cell division

A

There are limits to the size of the cell

When it become too large it stops functioning properly and divides into 2 identical cells that perform the function

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5
Q

Explain repair in cell division

A

Repair damaged cells by cell division

old and dead cells replaced

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6
Q

Explain reproduction in cell division

A

uses cell division to reproduce

It can be unicellular or multicellular

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7
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus while prokaryotic don’t

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8
Q

What is the nucleus

A

Deoxyribo nucleic acid(DNA)
Acts as control Centre and directs all the activities using chemicals
The nuclear membrane might allow some materials to pass in and out of the nucleus

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9
Q

What are chromosomes

A

found in nucleus
made of DNA and protein
directs all activities
23 pairs of chromosomes

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10
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

found in nucleus

is where ribosomes are produced and assembled

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11
Q

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER

A

Rough ER has ribosomes attached, transports protein while smooth ER has no ribosomes attached, it manufactures and transports fats throughout the cell

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12
Q

How do ribosomes relate to ER

A

Ribosomes make proteins that the cell need to function. they move freely in cytoplasm or are attached to ER.

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13
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

found inside the cell membrane
Contains all organelles
Most activities occur there , nutrients absorbed , transported and processed

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14
Q

What is a micro tubule , where is it found and what is its function

A

Microtubules are tiny tubes inside the cytoplasm that allow movement of the organelles and provide support to the cell

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15
Q

What are centrioles and their function

A

organelles that are microtubules and used for cell division.

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16
Q

Where are centrioles usually found ? Animal or plant cells ?

A

Centrioles are usually found in animal cells

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17
Q

What are nucleotides

A

A DNA molecule is made of 2 strands of a smaller molecule called nucleotides
is what Makes the rungs of the ladder

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18
Q

What are nucleotides made of

A

phosphate , sugar and nitrogenous base

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19
Q

What are the rungs of the ladder made of

A

A pair of nitrogenous bases, one from each nucleotide

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20
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases and their base pairs

A

the bases are thymine, adenine, cytosine and guanine
Adenine always pairs with thymine
Cytosine always pairs with guanine

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21
Q

What do the bases form when they combine

A

3 letter words that is an instruction for the production of the twenty different amino acids

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22
Q

What are amino acids

A

amino acids are small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. Different combinations of these acids form different types of proteins.

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23
Q

What is the genetic code, also know as language of life , of all living organisms

A

the 3 letter words in a cells DNA form the instructions for all body cells to follow

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24
Q

What is a gene

A

it is a short section of DNA that contains instructions to make a special protein

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25
What is genome and where is it found
all the DNA of an organism and found in chromosome of nucleus of every cell in the body
26
how many pairs of chromosomes are their
23 pairs
27
How are the instructions of making a protein determined
by the order of bases
28
Explain Protein Synthesis
production of protein by the DNA
29
what are the steps of a making a protein synthesis
DNA segment separates and one half of it is used for building a single strand of RNA RNA carries the code out of the nucleus and to a ribosome in the cytoplasm Ribosome reads RNA and assembles amino acids to make the correct protein
30
What are the 11 common proteins
hemoglobin, insulin, keratin,collagen, enzymes, antibodies, fibrinogen, lactase,growth hormone, prolactin and follicle stimulating hormone
31
What is the function of hemoglobin
carries oxygen in RBCs
32
What is the function of Insulin
controls level of sugar in the blood
33
What is the function of enzymes
controls chemical reaction (used in ?through digestion)
34
What is the function of Antibodies
bind to foreign substances to protect your body
35
What is the function of Growth hormone
stimulates growth (cell division)
36
What is the function of keratin
makes up hair and nails
37
What is the function of collagen
holds tissues together, makes up bones
38
What is the function of fibrinogen
helps blood clot
39
What is the function of lactase
helps digest lactose
40
What is the function of prolactin
stimulates the production and release of milk from mammary glands
41
What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone
stimulating egg and sperm production
42
Do all the members of the same species have the same number and types of genes
yes
43
What gives variety to the genes
the order of bases
44
what are traits
different version of genes produce different variations called traits
45
What determines your characteristics
genes from your mother and father
46
are cells always undergoing cell division
no, there is a period of growth between each cell
47
What is the cell cycle and what makes it up
the sequence of events in the cell from one cell division to another made of cell division and interphase
48
What is interphase
a period of growth for the cell when it is growing and carrying out normal functions.
49
What happens during interphase
it makes more cytoplasm as well as duplicates organelles in it. as when a cell is large enough it replicates its chromosomes
50
for how long is the cell in interphase
90 %
51
What are sister chromatids and their function
each chromosomes and its copy . the sister chromatids are joined at the center by a centromere. The chromatid carries identical instructions for the functions of the cell.
52
What is cell division composed of
mitosis and cytokinesis
53
What happens in cell division
one cell called the parent cell divides into 2 identical cells called daughter cells
54
Explain mitosis and what are the 4 stages
division of nuclear material and the phases are prophase , metaphase , anaphase and telophase
55
when does cytokinesis begins
after mitosis
56
Tell about daughter cells
it receives half the cytoplasm and organelles | will be half the size of parent cell
57
Explain prophase
the sister chromatids have shortened and thickened the nucleolus disappears nuclear membrane breaks down and the chromosomes spread out in the cytoplasm . in animal cells , the centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell and start to form spindle fibres(microtubules) that attach to the centromere of each chromosomes. Spindle fibres form the spindle which moves chromatids
58
Explain metaphase
the second stage of mitosis .The spindle is completely formed and sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibres and line up in the middle of the cell
59
Explain anaphase
the third stage of mitosis. Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle and move towards opposite poles of the cell. Chromatids are now chromosomes because they have complete information
60
Explain telaphase
The last stage of mitosis. chromosomes have reached the opposite ends of the cell events of prophase happen in reverse 2 nuclear membranes form , spindle disappears , chromosome lengthen and thinner, nucleoli reappear . Mitosis is now complete and nucleus is divided into 2 genetically identical nuclei
61
What is a mutation
a change in a cell's DNA
62
What are the 3 types of mutations
benefical,neutral and harmful
63
Give an example of a beneficial mutation
some mutations can make you immune to certain diseases like HIV?AIDS
64
What is a neutral mutation and give an example
a mutation that does not benefit or harm the organism . | ex: blue and green eyes
65
What are harmful mutations and give examples
It can produce genetic diseases as it can cause changes in the protein it produces which causes a change in the body's function . Ex Cystic fibrosis and diabetes
66
Explain cystic fibrosis
is a genetic disease that affects many parts of the body Caused by a mutation in a gene known as CTFR gene With the mutation , the shape of protein changes and no longer does its job properly
67
Explain diabetes
Diabetes is caused when the special cells that produce insulin have either stopped producing it or produced an insulin that doesn't work due to change in DNA of cells.
68
What is cancer
Cancer is a disease in which cells divide very rapidly and uncontrollably . A mutation in the genes that control the cell division process that causes it to go out of control Mutation gets passed onto daughter cells so they also divide uncontrollably.
69
What is a tumour and its types
When cancer cells keep dividing , they accumulate in a mass or a lump called a tumour. The 2 types of benign tumour and malignant tumour
70
What is a benign tumour
Benign tumour is not harmful . It is when the cells grow but stay in one place . They do not interfere with the normal function of surrounding tissues. An example is a wart.
71
What is malignant tumour
Invades surrounding tissues and interferes with the normal functions of tissues and organs. It is harmful
72
Explain metastasis
The spread of cancer cells away from their original location.
73
what is a carcinogen
Any substance that can cause cancer
74
What are done known causes of cancer
Asbestos , tobacco , excess sun
75
How can you treat cancer
Surgeries can remove tumours Radiation can kill cancer cells by disrupting cell division Chemotherapy used drugs to stop cancer cells from dividing
76
What are some side effects of chemotherapy and radiation
Radiation burns , hair loss , nausea and vomiting
77
There are how many types of reproduction and what are they
2 | Sexual and asexual
78
What is the difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction
In sexual reproduction , 2 separate organisms contribute genetic information in form of specialized sex cells while asexual reproductions involves only one parent and offspring are identical to parent
79
What are the characteristics of asexual reproduction
Only one organism needed to reproduce All offspring are genetically identical to the parent and each other A single organism can produce large number of offsprings
80
What is a zygote
The first cell of a new organism
81
What is a clone
Contains DNA identical to the parents
82
What are the different types of asexual reproduction.
``` Binary fission Budding Vegetative reproduction Fragmentation Spore formation ```
83
Can some organisms have more than one form of reproduction and If so give an example
Yes | Worms can do both sexual and asexual reproduction
84
Give a summary of binary fission
Parent cell undergoes cell division to produce two genetically identical daughter cells Offspring smaller than parent cell but has all necessary structures Usually done by single celled organisms Rapidly growth
85
Give a summary of budding
Offspring begins as a small growth on the the parent , called a bud Bud eventually breaks off from the parent to become an individual. Identical to the parent
86
What is vegetative reproduction and its types
It is when plants reproduce asexually | types are runners, shoots,cuttings,tubers, and bulbs
87
Give a summary of fragmentation
Is when part of an animal breaks off and grows into a new organism Fragment can grow into a complete animal Genetically identical It depends on how much of the parent is in the fragment for it grow reproduction after fragmentation cant happen without regeneration
88
Give a summary of spore formation
Many fungi reproduce by forming large number of spores . | organisms that form spores can also reproduce sexually
89
Explain regeneration
ability to regrow a body part , tissue , organ
90
what are spores
cells with thick cells walls for protection
91
What is a runner in vegetative reproduction
type of stem that grows horizontally along the surface of the soil grows its own roots and can become an independent plant
92
What is DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid very long molecule that looks like a twisted ladder provides directions for all the cell structures and activities
93
How does DNA replicate itself
before a cell divides , each DNA molecule makes a copy of itself . IT splits between the pair of bases . New bases join up with the other ones to form two identical DNA molecules
94
What is cytokinesis and how is it different in plant cells that animal cells
second process of cell division begins at the end of mitosis, during telophase divides cytoplasm into two daughter cells In animal cells it is visible by an indentation or pinching of the cell membrane between the 2 nuclei In plant cells , there is no indentation of the cell membrane instead membrane bound vesicles form between the 2 nuclei . The vesicles fuse to form the cell plate , the cell plate grows outwards forming a new cell membrane and a new cell wall for each daughter cell

Science grade 9 (5 decks)

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