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Science grade 9 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain the function of growth in cell division

A

All living things are made of cells
Begin life as single cell
Uses cell division to grow
When the cell reaches a certain size it can’t function properly and divide into 2
Cell specialize and form tissues and organs

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2
Q

What are 3 main functions of cell division

A

Growth , reproduction and repair

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3
Q

What are the 3 main functions of cell division

A

growth, repair and reproduction

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4
Q

Explain growth in cell division

A

There are limits to the size of the cell

When it become too large it stops functioning properly and divides into 2 identical cells that perform the function

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5
Q

Explain repair in cell division

A

Repair damaged cells by cell division

old and dead cells replaced

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6
Q

Explain reproduction in cell division

A

uses cell division to reproduce

It can be unicellular or multicellular

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7
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus while prokaryotic don’t

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8
Q

What is the nucleus

A

Deoxyribo nucleic acid(DNA)
Acts as control Centre and directs all the activities using chemicals
The nuclear membrane might allow some materials to pass in and out of the nucleus

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9
Q

What are chromosomes

A

found in nucleus
made of DNA and protein
directs all activities
23 pairs of chromosomes

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10
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

found in nucleus

is where ribosomes are produced and assembled

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11
Q

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER

A

Rough ER has ribosomes attached, transports protein while smooth ER has no ribosomes attached, it manufactures and transports fats throughout the cell

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12
Q

How do ribosomes relate to ER

A

Ribosomes make proteins that the cell need to function. they move freely in cytoplasm or are attached to ER.

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13
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

found inside the cell membrane
Contains all organelles
Most activities occur there , nutrients absorbed , transported and processed

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14
Q

What is a micro tubule , where is it found and what is its function

A

Microtubules are tiny tubes inside the cytoplasm that allow movement of the organelles and provide support to the cell

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15
Q

What are centrioles and their function

A

organelles that are microtubules and used for cell division.

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16
Q

Where are centrioles usually found ? Animal or plant cells ?

A

Centrioles are usually found in animal cells

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17
Q

What are nucleotides

A

A DNA molecule is made of 2 strands of a smaller molecule called nucleotides
is what Makes the rungs of the ladder

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18
Q

What are nucleotides made of

A

phosphate , sugar and nitrogenous base

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19
Q

What are the rungs of the ladder made of

A

A pair of nitrogenous bases, one from each nucleotide

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20
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases and their base pairs

A

the bases are thymine, adenine, cytosine and guanine
Adenine always pairs with thymine
Cytosine always pairs with guanine

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21
Q

What do the bases form when they combine

A

3 letter words that is an instruction for the production of the twenty different amino acids

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22
Q

What are amino acids

A

amino acids are small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. Different combinations of these acids form different types of proteins.

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23
Q

What is the genetic code, also know as language of life , of all living organisms

A

the 3 letter words in a cells DNA form the instructions for all body cells to follow

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24
Q

What is a gene

A

it is a short section of DNA that contains instructions to make a special protein

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25
Q

What is genome and where is it found

A

all the DNA of an organism and found in chromosome of nucleus of every cell in the body

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26
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are their

A

23 pairs

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27
Q

How are the instructions of making a protein determined

A

by the order of bases

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28
Q

Explain Protein Synthesis

A

production of protein by the DNA

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29
Q

what are the steps of a making a protein synthesis

A

DNA segment separates and one half of it is used for building a single strand of RNA
RNA carries the code out of the nucleus and to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
Ribosome reads RNA and assembles amino acids to make the correct protein

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30
Q

What are the 11 common proteins

A

hemoglobin, insulin, keratin,collagen, enzymes, antibodies, fibrinogen, lactase,growth hormone, prolactin and follicle stimulating hormone

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31
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin

A

carries oxygen in RBCs

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32
Q

What is the function of Insulin

A

controls level of sugar in the blood

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33
Q

What is the function of enzymes

A

controls chemical reaction (used in ?through digestion)

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34
Q

What is the function of Antibodies

A

bind to foreign substances to protect your body

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35
Q

What is the function of Growth hormone

A

stimulates growth (cell division)

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36
Q

What is the function of keratin

A

makes up hair and nails

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37
Q

What is the function of collagen

A

holds tissues together, makes up bones

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38
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen

A

helps blood clot

39
Q

What is the function of lactase

A

helps digest lactose

40
Q

What is the function of prolactin

A

stimulates the production and release of milk from mammary glands

41
Q

What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone

A

stimulating egg and sperm production

42
Q

Do all the members of the same species have the same number and types of genes

A

yes

43
Q

What gives variety to the genes

A

the order of bases

44
Q

what are traits

A

different version of genes produce different variations called traits

45
Q

What determines your characteristics

A

genes from your mother and father

46
Q

are cells always undergoing cell division

A

no, there is a period of growth between each cell

47
Q

What is the cell cycle and what makes it up

A

the sequence of events in the cell from one cell division to another
made of cell division and interphase

48
Q

What is interphase

A

a period of growth for the cell when it is growing and carrying out normal functions.

49
Q

What happens during interphase

A

it makes more cytoplasm as well as duplicates organelles in it. as when a cell is large enough it replicates its chromosomes

50
Q

for how long is the cell in interphase

A

90 %

51
Q

What are sister chromatids and their function

A

each chromosomes and its copy . the sister chromatids are joined at the center by a centromere. The chromatid carries identical instructions for the functions of the cell.

52
Q

What is cell division composed of

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

53
Q

What happens in cell division

A

one cell called the parent cell divides into 2 identical cells called daughter cells

54
Q

Explain mitosis and what are the 4 stages

A

division of nuclear material and the phases are prophase , metaphase , anaphase and telophase

55
Q

when does cytokinesis begins

A

after mitosis

56
Q

Tell about daughter cells

A

it receives half the cytoplasm and organelles

will be half the size of parent cell

57
Q

Explain prophase

A

the sister chromatids have shortened and thickened
the nucleolus disappears
nuclear membrane breaks down and the chromosomes spread out in the cytoplasm .
in animal cells , the centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell and start to form spindle fibres(microtubules) that attach to the centromere of each chromosomes.
Spindle fibres form the spindle which moves chromatids

58
Q

Explain metaphase

A

the second stage of mitosis .The spindle is completely formed and sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibres and line up in the middle of the cell

59
Q

Explain anaphase

A

the third stage of mitosis. Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle and move towards opposite poles of the cell. Chromatids are now chromosomes because they have complete information

60
Q

Explain telaphase

A

The last stage of mitosis. chromosomes have reached the opposite ends of the cell
events of prophase happen in reverse
2 nuclear membranes form , spindle disappears , chromosome lengthen and thinner, nucleoli reappear . Mitosis is now complete and nucleus is divided into 2 genetically identical nuclei

61
Q

What is a mutation

A

a change in a cell’s DNA

62
Q

What are the 3 types of mutations

A

benefical,neutral and harmful

63
Q

Give an example of a beneficial mutation

A

some mutations can make you immune to certain diseases like HIV?AIDS

64
Q

What is a neutral mutation and give an example

A

a mutation that does not benefit or harm the organism .

ex: blue and green eyes

65
Q

What are harmful mutations and give examples

A

It can produce genetic diseases as it can cause changes in the protein it produces which causes a change in the body’s function .
Ex
Cystic fibrosis and diabetes

66
Q

Explain cystic fibrosis

A

is a genetic disease that affects many parts of the body
Caused by a mutation in a gene known as CTFR gene
With the mutation , the shape of protein changes and no longer does its job properly

67
Q

Explain diabetes

A

Diabetes is caused when the special cells that produce insulin have either stopped producing it or produced an insulin that doesn’t work due to change in DNA of cells.

68
Q

What is cancer

A

Cancer is a disease in which cells divide very rapidly and uncontrollably .
A mutation in the genes that control the cell division process that causes it to go out of control
Mutation gets passed onto daughter cells so they also divide uncontrollably.

69
Q

What is a tumour and its types

A

When cancer cells keep dividing , they accumulate in a mass or a lump called a tumour.
The 2 types of benign tumour and malignant tumour

70
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

Benign tumour is not harmful . It is when the cells grow but stay in one place . They do not interfere with the normal function of surrounding tissues. An example is a wart.

71
Q

What is malignant tumour

A

Invades surrounding tissues and interferes with the normal functions of tissues and organs. It is harmful

72
Q

Explain metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells away from their original location.

73
Q

what is a carcinogen

A

Any substance that can cause cancer

74
Q

What are done known causes of cancer

A

Asbestos , tobacco , excess sun

75
Q

How can you treat cancer

A

Surgeries can remove tumours
Radiation can kill cancer cells by disrupting cell division
Chemotherapy used drugs to stop cancer cells from dividing

76
Q

What are some side effects of chemotherapy and radiation

A

Radiation burns , hair loss , nausea and vomiting

77
Q

There are how many types of reproduction and what are they

A

2

Sexual and asexual

78
Q

What is the difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction

A

In sexual reproduction , 2 separate organisms contribute genetic information in form of specialized sex cells while asexual reproductions involves only one parent and offspring are identical to parent

79
Q

What are the characteristics of asexual reproduction

A

Only one organism needed to reproduce
All offspring are genetically identical to the parent and each other
A single organism can produce large number of offsprings

80
Q

What is a zygote

A

The first cell of a new organism

81
Q

What is a clone

A

Contains DNA identical to the parents

82
Q

What are the different types of asexual reproduction.

A 
Binary fission 
Budding 
Vegetative reproduction 
Fragmentation 
Spore formation
83
Q

Can some organisms have more than one form of reproduction and If so give an example

A

Yes

Worms can do both sexual and asexual reproduction

84
Q

Give a summary of binary fission

A

Parent cell undergoes cell division to produce two genetically identical daughter cells
Offspring smaller than parent cell but has all necessary structures
Usually done by single celled organisms
Rapidly growth

85
Q

Give a summary of budding

A

Offspring begins as a small growth on the the parent , called a bud
Bud eventually breaks off from the parent to become an individual.
Identical to the parent

86
Q

What is vegetative reproduction and its types

A

It is when plants reproduce asexually

types are runners, shoots,cuttings,tubers, and bulbs

87
Q

Give a summary of fragmentation

A

Is when part of an animal breaks off and grows into a new organism
Fragment can grow into a complete animal
Genetically identical
It depends on how much of the parent is in the fragment for it grow
reproduction after fragmentation cant happen without regeneration

88
Q

Give a summary of spore formation

A

Many fungi reproduce by forming large number of spores .

organisms that form spores can also reproduce sexually

89
Q

Explain regeneration

A

ability to regrow a body part , tissue , organ

90
Q

what are spores

A

cells with thick cells walls for protection

91
Q

What is a runner in vegetative reproduction

A

type of stem that grows horizontally along the surface of the soil
grows its own roots and can become an independent plant

92
Q

What is DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid
very long molecule that looks like a twisted ladder
provides directions for all the cell structures and activities

93
Q

How does DNA replicate itself

A

before a cell divides , each DNA molecule makes a copy of itself . IT splits between the pair of bases . New bases join up with the other ones to form two identical DNA molecules

94
Q

What is cytokinesis and how is it different in plant cells that animal cells

A

second process of cell division
begins at the end of mitosis, during telophase
divides cytoplasm into two daughter cells

In animal cells it is visible by an indentation or pinching of the cell membrane between the 2 nuclei

In plant cells , there is no indentation of the cell membrane instead membrane bound vesicles form between the 2 nuclei . The vesicles fuse to form the cell plate , the cell plate grows outwards forming a new cell membrane and a new cell wall for each daughter cell

Science grade 9 (5 decks)

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