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Behavioural Pharmacology and Teratology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopharmacology is the study of ?

A

the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behaviour.

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2
Q

The changes a drug produces in an animals physiological process and behaviour is called the ?

A

Drug Effect

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3
Q

The locations at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells is called the ?

A

Site of Action

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4
Q

The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized and excreted is called

A

Pharmacokinetics

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5
Q

Drugs are ________chemicals

A

Exogenous

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6
Q

Pharmacokenetics is the process by which drugs are _________, ________within the body,______, and _______.

A

Absorbed;Distibuted;Metabolized;Excerted

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7
Q

Inorder to be effective, a drug must ?

A

Reach its site of action

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8
Q

For a drug to reach its site of action it needs to enter the ________ so it can be carried to the organ it acts on

A

Bloodstream

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9
Q

Once a drug has entered the blood stream it needs to come into contact with ______ before it can get to its site of action

A

Molecules

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10
Q

Once molecules of drugs enter the body they begin to be ________or excreted ________ Or both.

A

Metabolzied; Excreted

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11
Q

The method of a drug being injected through a hypodermic needle is called ___________?
This is the fastest route for a drug to enter the bloodstream, reaching the brain within seconds.

A

Intravenous (IV) Injection

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12
Q

A disadvantage of Intravenous (IV) Injection is

A

increased care and skill required,

The dose enters bloodstream all at once.

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13
Q

The method of injecting a drug into the abdominal wall is called ?

A

Intraperitoneal (IP) Injection

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14
Q

Intraperitoneal (IP) Injection is commonly used with ?

A

Animals in the lab

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15
Q

What type of injections is this?
It is made directly into a large muscle i.e. upper arm, butt. Absorbed into the bloodstream through capillaries that supply the muscle when slow absorption is desirable, can be mixed with another drug

A

Intramuscular (IM) Injection

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16
Q

What type of injection is this?
The drug is injected into space beneath the skin - useful only if small amounts of drug needed to be administered - injecting large amounts would be very painful. It is very slow absorption. Drug can be placed into a pallet or silicone capsule and implanted beneath skin.

A

Subcutaneous (SC) Injection

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17
Q

What is the most common way to administer drugs to humans?

A

Orally

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18
Q

Why can some drugs not be absorbed orally?

A
  • Some chemicals cannot be administered orally because they will destroy stomach acid/digestive enzymes,
    Or
    would not be absorbed by digestive system into the bloodstream.
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19
Q

Sublingual Administration is when ? and how is it absorbed?

A

A drug is placed beneath the tounge

Drug is absorbed through bloodstream by capillaries that supply the mucous membrane

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20
Q

Why are the effects of Inhalation of drugs very rapid?

A

Because the route from the lungs to the brain is very short

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21
Q

If a drug is administered topically this means that ?

A

It is administered on the skin

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22
Q

The technique of administration of a substance directly into the brain in order to achieve a widespread distribution of drug into the brain getting past the BBB by injecting straight into a cerebral ventricle is called?

A

Intracerebral

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23
Q

A way to to deliver antibiotics straight into the brain to treat certain types of infections is called ?
This is very rare

A

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) Administration

24
Q

With the exception of intracerebral or intracerebroventricular administration the routes of drug administration vary only in the rate at which a drug reaches the ________?

A

Blood Plasma

25
Q

The most important factor that determines the rate at which a drug in the bloodstream reaches sites of action within the brain is _______?

A

Lipid Solubility

26
Q

______soluble drugs easily pass through the blood-brain barrier whereas others pass the barrier slowly or not at all.

A

Lipid

27
Q

Molecules that are soluble in ____ pass through the cells that line the capillaries in the CNS and rapidly distribute themselves throughout the brain.

A

Lipids

28
Q

molecules that get to the destination ____ have a more intense action

A

Faster

29
Q

Enzymatic deactivation of drugs is found in three places, what are these?

A

Liver
Blood
Brain

30
Q

Drugs vary widely in effectiveness. The best way to measure the effectiveness is using ?

A

A dose response curve

31
Q

The dose response curve represents _____?

A

A drugs effectiveness

32
Q

The safety of a drug is measured by the difference between doses that produce_______ and those that produce______ side effects

A

desirable effects; toxic

33
Q

Drugs vary in their effectiveness because of the nature of their ___________ and the affinity between molecules of the drug and these sites of action.

A

Sites of Action;

34
Q

Increasingly stronger doses of a drug cause increasingly large effects until the point of _________ is reached. At this point, increasing the dose of the drug does not produced any more effects

A

maximum effect

35
Q

When does a drug stop producing more effects?

A

When a point of maximum effect is reached

36
Q

How is the saftey of drugs measured?

A

Therapeutic Index

37
Q

What information does the Therapeutic Index obtain?

A

The dose that produces the desired effects to 50 perfect of the animals
The dose that produces toxic effects of 50 percent of the animals

38
Q

How do you get a result from the Therapuetic Index?

A

The ratio of The dose that produces the desired effects to 50%
The dose that produces toxic effects of 50%

39
Q

What are the two main reasons why drugs vary in their affectiveness?

A

Different Drugs - even drugs with the same behavioural effects may have different sites of action; because the drugs act very differently a dose of something may produce much more of an effect than another, even if it is the same amount.

Affinity of drug with its site of action - (Affinity - the readiness to which two molecules join together) . Drugs vary widely in their affinity of which molecules they attach. Drugs with high affinity will produce effects at a relatively low concentration, where as a drug with a low affinity must be administered in higher doses. Thus - drugs with two identical sites of action can vary widely in their effectiveness if they have different affinities for their bonding sites. In addition, because most drugs have multiple effects.

40
Q

When a drug is administered repeatedly its effects will not remain constant - in most cases the effects will diminish because of ______ In other cases a drug becomes more effective ________.

A

Tolerence;Sensitization

41
Q

Why does Tolerance occur with drugs?

A
  • Repeated administration
  • Tolerance is the result of the body’s attempt to compensate for the effects of the drug, compensatory mechanisms begin to produce the opposite reaction, these mechanisms account for why more and more of the drug must be taken to achieve a given level of effect.
42
Q

Why does Sensitisation occur?

A

It is the exact opposite of tolerance; repeated doses of a drug produce larger and larger effects because compensatory mechanisms tend to correct of deviations away from the optimal values of physiological processes.

43
Q

________ are primarily the opposite effects to the drug itself

A

Withdrawl Symptoms

44
Q

Most drugs that affect behaviour do so by affecting synaptic transmission. Drugs that affect synaptic transmission are classified into two general categories’
1. Those that block or inhibit the postsynaptic effects are A_________
a drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

A

Antagonists

45
Q

Most drugs that affect behaviour do so by affecting synaptic transmission. Drugs that affect synaptic transmission are classified into two general categories’
2. Those that facilitate them are called A________
a drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

A

Agonists

46
Q

What does an Antagonist do?

A

Blocks/inhibit postsynaptic effects

- blocks an action

47
Q

What does Agonsits do?

A

Facilitates postsynaptic transmission

- Produce a biological response that causes an action

48
Q

A direct Agonist is ?

A

A drug that binds with and activates a receptor

49
Q

A drug that binds with and activates a receptor is called?

A

A Direct Agonist

50
Q

When an axon fires, voltage dependent calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane ______ (OPEN/CLOSE?), permitting the entry of _________(WHAT ION?). The calcium ions interact with the docking proteins and initiate the release of the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Molecules of the neurotransmitter bind within postsynaptic receptors, causing particular ion channels to open which produces excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. The effects of the neurotransmitter are kept relatively brief by their reuptake by transporter molecules in the presynaptic membrane or by their destruction by enzymes.

A

OPEN;Calcium Ions

51
Q

When an axon fires, voltage dependent calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane open, permitting the entry of calcium ions. The calcium ions interact with the docking proteins and initiate the release of the neurotransmitters into the _____(Where?). Molecules of the neurotransmitter bind within postsynaptic receptors, causing particular ion channels to open which produces excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. The effects of the neurotransmitter are kept relatively brief by their reuptake by transporter molecules in the presynaptic membrane or by their destruction by enzymes.

A

Synaptic Cleft

52
Q

A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it; prevents that natural ligand from binding with the receptor is called a ?

A

Receptor Blocker

53
Q

A Direct Antagonist

A

A synonym of receptor

54
Q

A synonym for a receptor blocker is called ?

A

A direct antagonist

55
Q

A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand - this is called ?

A

Indirect Antagonist

56
Q

A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand - This is called?

A

Indirect Agonist

Behavioural Pharmacology and Teratology (3 decks)

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