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Behavioural Pharmacology and Teratology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic Nervos System

Autonomic Nervous System

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2
Q

What are the four principle parts of a neuron?

A

Soma
Dendrite
Axon
Terminal Buttons

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3
Q

What is the role of a dendrite?

A

To receive messages/information from terminal buttons of other neurons

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4
Q

What does the Axon do?

A

Convey messages down the axon from the soma to terminal buttons

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5
Q

What do the Terminal Buttons do?

A

Forms synapses with other neurons and sends information to that nuron

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6
Q

Describe the key features of a multipolar neuron

A

1 Axon, Many dendrites

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7
Q

Describe key features of a bipolar

A

1 Axon, 1 Dendrents

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8
Q

Describe a Unipolar neuron

A

1 Axon attached to Soma; this divides, one branch receives and one branch sends information

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9
Q

What is contained inside the cytoplasm?

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Nucleolus
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  5. Golgi Apparatus
  6. Lysosomes
  7. Microtubules + Other Protein Fibers
  8. Mitochondria
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10
Q

What does the nucleolus manufacture?

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

What are ribosomes? And where are they contained?

A

In the Cytoplasm; Sites for synthesis

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12
Q

What is endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Storage revisor and a channel for transportation of chemicals through the cytoplasm

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13
Q

What do Mitochondria do? Where are they located

A

Extracts energy from nutrients, located in cytoplasm

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14
Q

Neurons communicate by means of ______?

A

Synapses

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15
Q

When an ______ travels own an axon its _______ secrete a chemical

A

Action Potential; terminal buttons

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16
Q

Action potentials have either a _____ or a _______ effect

A

Excitatory; Inhibitory

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17
Q

Neurons receive information from the _______ of other axons from other neurons and the terminal buttons of its axon from ______ with other neurons

A

Terminal Buttons;Synapses

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18
Q

The Supporting cells of the CNS are?

A

Glia Cells

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19
Q

The supporting cells of the PNS are?

A

Schwann cells

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20
Q

A Olidodendrocye is found where?

A

In the CNS

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21
Q

What are the role of Glia?

A

Supporting Cells; protectors of neurons. Nerve Glue

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22
Q

What are the three types of Glia

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Mircoglia

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23
Q

Both ____ and ____ are Phagocytes

A

Astrocytes, Microglia

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24
Q

What does a phagocyte do?

A

Engulfs and digest phagocytes

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25
Q

Neurons receive most of their _____ from Astrocytes

A

Nutrients

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26
Q

What do astrocytes do with glucose?

A

So they brake it down to lactate, then release their into the extracellular fluid

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27
Q

How do Neurons get energy?

A
  • From uptaking lactate and transporting it to Mitochondria
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28
Q

When is Glycogen needed?

A

When the metabolic rate of nearby neurons is very high

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29
Q

What are the three main roles of Astrocytes

A
  1. Provide and support nourishment
  2. Regulate composition of fluid surrounding the neuron
  3. Act as a Phagocyte
30
Q

What is the main role of Oligodendrocytes?

A

To form mylin around an Axon in the CNS

31
Q

What are the main roles of microglia?

A

Phagoctye, protects from invading microorganisms, responsible for inflammation in the case of brain damage

32
Q

How do Schwann assist when there is damage to a nerve in the PNS?

A

help digest dead axons and arrange themselves in cylinders to guide axons regrowth

33
Q

How fast does an axon grow through a Schwann cell cylinder?

A

3-4mm a day

34
Q

How do Schwann cells differ from Glial cells?

A

Mylin is for only one axon, surrounding the entire axon

In damage, Schwann cells guide regrowth but Glial cells only clean up

35
Q

What is the difference in the regenerating properties of axons in the CNS and PNS?

A

They have different characteristics of supporting cells, and the chemical compounds differ

36
Q

What is the node of raniver?

A

Un-mylinated Segments in the Axon

37
Q

Some substances can cross the BBB, others can not, this means it is ______?

A

Selectively Permeable

38
Q

What cant substances pass easily through the BBB?

A

Because of endothelial cells fitting tightly together

39
Q

______ May be responsible to transporting ions from the brain to the blood in the BBB

A

Astrocytes

40
Q

What are 4 important functions of the BBB?

A
  1. Protects the brain from chemicals/foreign substances
  2. Protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters
  3. Maintains a constant environment
  4. Regulates composition of fluid
41
Q

______ Molecules can NOT cross the BBB

A

Low Lipid (FAT) Soluable

42
Q

______ soluble molecules can rapidly cross the BBB

A

Lipid

43
Q

What does it mean if an area of the BBB is permeable?

A

Substances can flow through freely

44
Q

What is an area in the BBB that is permeable?

A

The Area Postrema

45
Q

The electrical charge is called the ________?

A

Membrane Potential

46
Q

Cations have a ____ Charge?

A

Positive

47
Q

Anions have a ____ Charge?

A

Negative

48
Q

The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials is called ______?

A

Resting Potential

49
Q

Reduction towards 0 of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential is called?
A reversal of itself

A

Depolarization

50
Q

Hyperpolirzation is when….?

A

There is an increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the normal resting potential, it overshoots the resting potential

51
Q

The value of the membrane potential must be reached to produce an action potential, when this happens it is called?

A

Threshold of Excitation

52
Q

A very rapid reversal of membrane potential is called _______?

A

Action Potential

53
Q

An electrical charge is the result of a balance between two opposing forces
These are ______ & _______

A

Diffusion; Electrostatic Presusre

54
Q

The ________ must be reached in order to produce an action potential

A

Threshold of Excitation

55
Q

What is electrostatic Pressure?

A

The force of attraction/repulsions

56
Q

The myelin Sheth is made of ___% protein, ___% Lipid

A

80% lipid

20% protein

57
Q

A molecule that controls chemical reaction, combining two substances or breaking a substance into two parts is called a ______?

A

enzyme

58
Q

Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. The process where molecules distribute themselves evenly through the medium which they are dissolved in.The molecules are constantly in motion and rate of movement is proportional to temperature. - this is called ?

A

Diffusion

59
Q

What is the Symbol for Potassium Ions

A

K+

60
Q

What is the role of the Voltage-Dependent Ion Channel?

A

An ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential

61
Q

What is the role of a sensory neuron?

A

to detect changes in the external or internal environment and sends information about these changes to the central nervous system (CNS).

62
Q

A neuron that connect circuits of local interneurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions is called a _____ neuron?

A

Relay

63
Q

A neuron that forms circuits with nearby neurons and analyse small pieces of information is called _____?

A

Local Neuron

64
Q

What are the two modes of growth of axons?

A
  1. Elongate

2. Sprouting terminal buttons

65
Q

Organic Anions (A-) are found in..

A

ONLY intracellular fluid

66
Q

Chloride Ions (Cl-) ions are found in both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid but predominantly in

A

Extracellular fluid

67
Q

Sodium Ions (Na+) found in both intracellular and extracellular fluid but predominantly in

A

Extracellular fluid

68
Q

____ Is the only Ion with a balanced charge and even if the membrane wasn’t there then it wouldnt move from one side to the other

A

Cl - Chloride Ions

69
Q

The membrane is also semi permeable to ___ and ___ , and these two ions are also actively transported

A

Na+ Sodium and K+ Potassium

70
Q

The intracelular space is full of ___ & ____ ions

A

Potassium K+ ions, and organic anions A-

71
Q

A membranes resting potential is -70mV and when it is resting its voltage dependent sodium and potassium channels are
A) Open
or
B) Closed

A

Closed

72
Q

Synapses can occur in three places, there are

A
  1. on dendrites
  2. on the soma
  3. on other axons

Behavioural Pharmacology and Teratology (3 decks)

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