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Biology 101 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

Flagellum

A

Long, slender cellulose structure used for mobility.

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1
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circle of DNA in some bacteria and archaea.

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2
Q

Cell Wall

A

Semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells.

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6
Q

Biofilm

A

Community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime.

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7
Q

Surface-to-Volume Ratio

A

A relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square.

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8
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A cell’s outermost membrane.

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9
Q

Organelle

A

Structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell.

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10
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and many protists.

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11
Q

Vaculoe

A

A fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials.

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12
Q

Nucleoid

A

Region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium or archaeon.

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13
Q

Ribosome

A

Organelle of protein synthesis. (makes protein for cell)

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semifluid substance enclosed by a cell’s plasma membrane.

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15
Q

Peroxisome

A

Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances.

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16
Q

Plastid

A

Category of double-membraned organelle in plants and algal cells. Different types specialize in storage or photosynthesis. Ex chloroplast, amyloplast.

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17
Q

Pilus

A

Protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacteria and archaea.

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18
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Organelle that is a continuous system of sacs and tubes; extension of the nuclear envelope.

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20
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Series of interacting organelle (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles) between nucleus and plasma membrane; produces lipids, proteins.

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21
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope.

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22
Q

Nucleus (cell structure)

A

Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell’s DNA.

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23
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes.

24
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores in the membrane control which substances can cross.

25
Q

Chromatin

A

Collective term for DNA molecules together with their associated proteins.

26
Q

Vesicle

A

Small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle; different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents.

27
Q

Lysosome

A

Ezyme-filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestion.

28
Q

Basal Body

A

Organelle that develops from a centriole.

29
Q

Cell Cortex

A

Reinforcing mesh of cytoskeletal elements under a plasma membrane.

30
Q

Centriole

A

Barrel-shaped organelle from which microtubules grow.

31
Q

Nucleolus

A

In a cell nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled.

32
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Dynamic framework of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures.

33
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

Stable cytoskeletal element that structurally supports cells and tissues.

34
Q

Microfilament

A

Reinforcing cytoskeletal element; a fiber of actin subunits.

35
Q

Golgi Body

A

Organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles.

36
Q

Microtubule

A

Cytoskeletal element involved in cellular movement; hollow filament of tubulin subunits.

37
Q

Motor Protein

A

Type of energy-using protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move the cell’s parts or the whole cell.

38
Q

Adhering Junction

A

Cell junction composed of adhesion proteins; anchors cells to each other and extracellular matrix.

39
Q

Cell Junction

A

Structure that connects a cell to another cell or to extracellular matrix.

40
Q

Cell Theory

A

Theory that all organisms consist of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life all cells come from division of preexisting cells; and all cells pass hereditary material to offspring.

41
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Complex mixture of cell secretions; supports cells and tissues; has roles in cell signaling.

42
Q

Secondary Wall

A

Lignin-reinforced wall that forms inside the primary wall of a plant cell.

43
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Fluid-filled vesicle in many plant cells.

44
Q

Lignin

A

Material that stiffens cell walls of vascular plants.

45
Q

Pseudopod

A

A temporary protrusion that helps some eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey.

46
Q

Primary Wall

A

The first cell wall of young plant cells.

47
Q

Tight junctions

A

Arrays of fibrous proteins; join epithelial cells and collectively prevent fluids from leaking between them.

48
Q

Gap Junction

A

Cell junction that forms a channel across the plasma membranes of adjoining animal cells.

49
Q

Cilium

A

Short, movable structure that projects from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells.

50
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part of all of a cell’s genetic information.

51
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Cell junctions that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

53
Q

Cuticle

A

Secreted covering at a body surface.

Biology 101 (7 decks)

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