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Neuroscience 1 Section 2 > Chapter 4 #2 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 #2 Flashcards

0
Q

Efficacy (intrinsic activity)

A

The extent to which a drug activates a response when it binds to a receptor

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1
Q

Binding affinity

A

The propensity of molecules of a drug (or other ligand) to bind to receptors

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2
Q

Dose-responsive curve (DRC)

A

A formal graph of a drugs effects (y axis) versus the dose given (x axis)

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3
Q

Bioavailable

A

Refers to a substance (drug) present in the body that is free to act on the target tissue, not being used or eliminated somewhere else.

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4
Q

Bio transformation

A

Process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself active, possibly in ways different from the original substance

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5
Q

Duration of drug effect is dependent on what?

A

How the drug is metabolized and excreted from the body

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6
Q

The drugs route of administration affects what?

A

The amount of drug that gets to the brain and how fast it gets there

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7
Q

How does the blood brain barrier influence Neuro pharmacology?

A

Some drugs that could be used are too large to pass through it

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8
Q

Drug tolerance

A

With repeated drug exposure an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose

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9
Q

Metabolic tolerance

A

Form of tolerance where the body becomes more efficient at clearing the drug

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10
Q

Functional tolerance

A

Tolerance arises when repeated exposure causes receptors to be up or down regulated.

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11
Q

Down regulate

A

Decrease in the number of available to which the drug can bind, usually in response to an agonist drug

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12
Q

Up regulate

A

Increase the number of receptors to which the drug can bind, usually in response to an antagonist drug

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13
Q

Cross tolerance

A

Tolerance for one drug causes generalization to other drugs of the same chemical class

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14
Q

Neuroleptics or antipsychotics

A

Class of antipsychotic drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically blocks dopamine receptors

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15
Q

Atypical neuroleptic

A

Antipsychotic drug that has action other than or in addition to dopamine receptor antagonism

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16
Q

Antidepressants

A

Drug that relieves symptoms of depression

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17
Q

What are 3 main types of antidepressants?

A

Mono amine oxidase (MAO), tricyclics, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

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18
Q

Mono amine oxidase

A

An enzyme that breaks down mono amine transmitters, thereby inactivating them. Allows particles to accumulate in the synapse

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19
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

Block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

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20
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

Block reuptake specifically at serotonergic synapses

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21
Q

Anxiolytics

A

Drugs used to combat anxiety

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22
Q

Depressants

A

Anything that reduces the excitability of neurons (alcohol or opium)

23
Q

Barbiturate

A

Early anxiolytic drug and sleep aid with depressant activity.

24
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Class of anxiolytic drug that are agonists of GABA receptors in the central nervous system. (Valium)

25
Q

Opium

A

An extract of the seedpod juice of the opium poppy. Drugs based on this are potent painkillers

26
Q

Morphine

A

An opiate compound derived from the poppy flower.

27
Q

Heroin

A

Diacetylmorphine. An artificially modified very potent form of morphine. Powerful euphoria

28
Q

Opioid receptors

A

Receptor that responds to the endogenous opioids and/or exogenous opiates.

29
Q

Periaqueductal gray

A

The neuronal body rich region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles. Involved in pain reception.

30
Q

Endogenous opioid

A

Class of opium like peptide transmitters that have been called the bodies own narcotics.

31
Q

What are the three kinds of endogenous opioids?

A

Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins

32
Q

What are the names of the three kinds of opioid receptors?

A

Delta, kappa, mu

33
Q

What are the uses for opiate antagonist drugs?

A

Reversal of opioid effects to rescue from overdose and treating addiction

34
Q

Tobacco

A

Highly addictive North American plant whose leaves are a source of nicotine

35
Q

Nicotine

A

Acts as an agonist on a large class of Cholinergic receptors

36
Q

Stimulant

A

Drug that enhances the excitability of neurons. Increases heart rate, blood pressure, digestive action, and alertness

37
Q

Nicotonic ACh receptors

A

High concentration in the brain which is how nicotine impacts cognitive functions

38
Q

Alcohol

A

A neuroactive compound (ethyl alcohol in drinks) that first stimulates then depresses neural activity

39
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Disorder including intellectual disability and characteristic facial abnormalities that affects children exposed to too much alcohol during fetal development

40
Q

Marijuana

A

A preparation of the cannabis sativa plant usually smoked

41
Q

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A

Active ingredient in marijuana

42
Q

Endocannabinoid

A

An endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors, thus an analog of marijuana produced inside the brain

43
Q

Anandmine

A

An endoocannabinoid that produces most familiar symptoms of marijuana use: hunger, poor memory, reduced pain sensitivity.

44
Q

How does caffeine function in the brain?

A

Blocks adenosine receptor terminals, allowing more transmitters to be released which increases brain activity

45
Q

Cocaine

A

Drug of abuse, derived from the coca plant that acts by enhancing catecholamine neurotransmission

46
Q

Amphetamine

A

A molecule that resembles the structure of the catecholamine transmitters and enhances their activity.

47
Q

LSD or acid

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide, a potent hallucinogenic drug acting on seratonin receptors.

48
Q

MDMA or ecstasy

A

3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine. Drug of abuse associated with euphoria and colorful visual phenomena

49
Q

Dissociative

A

A type of drug that produces a separation of consciousness and sensory inputs, dreamlike state.

50
Q

What are two common dissociatives?

A

PCP and ketamine

51
Q

Moral model

A

Addiction results from weakness of character and a lack of self control

52
Q

Disease model

A

A person who abuses drugs requires medical treatment not punishment.

53
Q

Physical dependence model

A

Argues that people continue to take drugs to avoid uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

54
Q

Dysphoria

A

Unpleasant feelings, the opposite of euphoria

55
Q

Positive reward model

A

People get started with drug abuse, get addicted because the drug provides powerful reinforcement

56
Q

What are two anatomical features in the brain associated with drug abuse?

A

The nucleus accumbens and the insula

Neuroscience 1 Section 2 (5 decks)

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