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Neuroscience 1 Section 2 > Chapter 4 #1 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 #1 Flashcards

0
Q

Endogenous

A

Produced inside the body

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1
Q

Exogenous

A

Arising from outside the body

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2
Q

Are Neurotransmitters endo or exo genous?

A

Endogenous

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3
Q

Exocytosis

A

A cellular process that results in the release of a substance

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4
Q

Transporters

A

Specialized protein membrane component that returns transmitter molecules to the presynaptic neuron for reuse (reuptake)

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5
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

“Fancy ion channel receptor” a receptor protein containing an ion channel that opens when the receptor is bound by an agonist

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6
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

No ion channels. May when activated, use a G protein system to open nearby ion channels or to produce other cellular effects.

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7
Q

What are the qualifying characteristics of a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Can be synthesized by presynaptic neurons and stored in axon terminals
  2. Released when action potential reaches terminals
  3. Recognized by receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  4. Causes change in postsynaptic cell
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8
Q

What is the effect of blocking the release of a neurotransmitter?

A

Interferes with the ability of the presynaptic cell to affect the postsynaptic cell.

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9
Q

What are the 4 major categories of neurotransmitters?

A

Amine, amino acid, peptide, and gasses.

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10
Q

Amine neurotransmitter

A

A neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus.

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11
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitter

A

A neurotransmitter that is itself an amino acid.

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12
Q

What are some examples of amino acid neurotransmitter?

A

GABA, glycine, and glutamate

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13
Q

What are some examples of amine neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine, serotonin, and dopamine

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14
Q

Peptide neurotransmitter

A

Also called neuropeptide. Neurotransmitter consisting if a short chain of amino acids.

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15
Q

What are some examples of peptide neurotransmitters?

A

Endorphins, oxytocin

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16
Q

Gas neurotransmitter

A

Neurotransmitter that is a soluble gas.

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17
Q

What are some examples of gas neurotransmitters?

A

Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide

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18
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Neurotransmitter found in the autonomic nervous system, motor system, and throughout the brain. (Basal forebrain)

19
Q

Cholinergic

A

Referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter

20
Q

Loss of Cholinergic neurons refers to

A

Alzheimer’s disease (learning and memory)

21
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

A mono amine neurotransmitter found in the midbrain (especially the substantia nigra) and the basal forebrain

22
Q

Dopaminergic

A

Referring to cells that use dopamine and there synaptic transmitter

23
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Brainstem structure that innervates the basal ganglia and is responsible for all dopaminergic projections

24
Q

What are the 2 main dopaminergic projections?

A

Mesostriatal pathway and mesolimbocortical pathway

25
Q

What is the effect of damage to Mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons?

A

Profound movement problems such as Parkinson’s

26
Q

The mesolimbocortical dopamine system is primarily important for?

A

Learning related to positive reinforcement or pleasure

27
Q

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

Portion of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumbens (where the mesolimbocortical pathway originates)

28
Q

Seratonergic

A

Referring to cells that use serotonin as their synaptic transmitter

29
Q

Raphe nuclei

A

A string of nuclei in the midline of the midbrain and brainstem that contain most serotonergic neurons of the brain

30
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Produced in the raphe nuclei and active throughout the brain.

31
Q

What are some functions of serotonin?

A

Mood, vision, sex, anxiety, sleep, etc. used in depression and anxiety meds

32
Q

Noradrenergic

A

Referring to cells using norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as a transmitter

33
Q

What 2 regions of the brainstem is norepinephrine located?

A

The locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental area

34
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

Neurotransmitter produced and released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons to accelerate organ activity. It is also produced in the brainstem and found in projections throughout the brain

35
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

A small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain

36
Q

Lateral tegmental area

A

A brainstem region that provides some of the norepinephrine-containing projections of the brain

37
Q

Glutamate

A

Amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter

38
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

A widely distributed amino acid transmitter and the main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system

39
Q

Opioid peptide

A

A type of endogenous peptide that mimics the effects of morphine in binding to opioid receptors and producing marked analgesia and reward

40
Q

What is a main function of GABA?

A

Reduce anxiety, muscle relaxation, sleep, etc. Valium and Ativan

41
Q

Where else are peptides that are found in the gut found?

A

Spinal cord and brain

42
Q

Where are peptide hormones made?

A

The hypothalamus and pituitary

43
Q

Some Neurons use gas molecules to do what?

A

Communicate info

44
Q

What are the 2 most studied gas neurotransmitter

A

Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide

45
Q

How are gas neurotransmitter different from chemical?

A
  1. Not in vesicles or axon terminals. Diffuses out of the neuron as produced
  2. Doesn’t involve post synaptic receptors, just diffuses inside to second messengers
  3. Can convey info back from post to presynaptic cell, or physically change the synapse
46
Q

Retrograde transmitter

A

A neurotransmitter that diffuses from the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron. (Gasses)

Neuroscience 1 Section 2 (5 decks)

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