Chapter 4 Flashcards
By which man will attain his ends. This means is called?
Human act
Related to as the human activity of man by which he attains an end he wants to obtain.
Human act
Activities in common with brutes like feeling, hearing, eating, taste and smell. Such animal activities are called?
Acts of human
Those acts of rationality of man
Human acts
According to Paul J. Glenn that this is an act which proceeds from deliberate and free will.
Human act
Activities of man as a animal, performed without the free will of the agent
Acts of man
Signs of acts of man:
They are done indeliberately
The acts are not done freely
The acts are done involuntary
The agent performing the act is no conscious of his actions going on. The actions he is doing is not under the command of his consciousness
The act are done indeliberately
They may be done by force, that is without the freedom of choice of the person.
The acts are not done freely
The acts do not emanate from the heart of the agent
The act are done involuntarily
Essential Qualities of Human Act
The act must be deliberate
The acts must be free
The act must be voluntary
The agent does it consistently; he knows that he is doing the act and aware of its consequences, good or evil.
The act must be free
The person who is doing the act must be free from external force beyond his control, or from any strong influence. Otherwise, the act is not own. The act must not be done out of fear.
The act must be free
The act is done out of the will and decision of the agent, the actions he is emanates from the bottom of his heart.
The act must be voluntary
Responsible for such acts, since human act is done knowingly, freely, and voluntarily, it becomes responsible of such act.
Agent
Human acts are classified as:
Elicited acts
Commanded acts
Emenate from the will of the agent.
Elicited Acts
Are body-mind acts done to carry out the elicited act of the subject or agent
Commanded acts
Paul Glenn enumerates six elicited acts:
Wish
Intention
Consent
Election
Use
Fruition
It is a natural inclination of the will towards an object. These can be possibly or impossibly attainable
Wish
The will’s tendency towards something attainable but not obligatory.
Intention
The acceptance of the will to implement the agents intention
Consent
Choose from among a variety of means what he believes to be the most effective to carry out an implementation.
Election
Will’s command to make use of the selected means in carrying out the intention.
Use
This is the enjoyment of the will as a result of the attainment of the object desired earlier.
Fruition
Are those acts involving both body and mind, necessary to carry out the elicited acts.
Command acts
Three classification of kinds of command acts:
Internal acts
External acts
Mixed
These acts refers to the purely mental faculties under the command of the will
Internal acts
Done by the body as commanded by the will
External Acts
Acts of man, they become human acts when done with?
Advertence and with the will
Done by both bodily and mental powers
Mixed
The ability of a person to respond to a need or problem in a given situation.
Responsibility
It would mean him reward, growth and fulfillment as a person.
Responding positively
Denial to the call (responsibility) would mean?
Retardation and self-destruction
Almost synonymous, are vital elements of human act.
Free will and Freedom
Man’s natural tendency of being attracted to what is good and beautiful and to be presented by the intellect.
Will
As a faculty, it is the counterpart of the intellect.
Will
It is free when it acts without any pressure from outside
Will
It is free when it is attracted to or repulses anything on a natural tendency. We can call this?
Human free will
Contributes to the humanity of the act
Free will
Makes the agent become responsible and accountable for his act
Free will
Power which men have of determining their actions according to the judgement of their reason
Freedom of the will
Negatively defined, it is the absence of constriction.
Freedom
Positively, it is power to be and to act under free will and choice
Freedom
Is situated or limited does by the rights of others, things or persons. Our environment, social or physical, constricts this.
Freedom
Man remain______ despite the limitations of human freedom
Man
Factors that affects the commission or omission of human acts
Modifiers
Factors namely ignorance, concupiscence, fear, violence, and habit.
Modifiers
They can reduce the moral character of the human act, which intern would the manager responsibility and imputability in the agent.
Modifiers
Is the lack of knowledge in man of a certain thing expected to have been known by him it is negotiation of knowledge ordinarily.
Ignorance
Is more than just a negotiation. It also means the prescence of what is falsely supposed to be knowledge.
Intellectual ignorance
Ignorance in its three aspects:
Ignorance in its object
Ignorance in its subject
Ignorance in its result
This refers to the subjects, ignorance of the law, fact, or corresponding penalty.
Ignorance in its object
The absence of knowledge a person owed to possess.
Ignorance of law
Is ignorance of the nature or circumstances of an act that is generally forbidden in the community.
Ignorance of fact
Lack of knowledge of this sanction imposed by the violators.
Ignorance of penalty
This aspect of ignorance lies in the agent who has no knowledge of the law, fact of penalty.
Ignorance in its subject
One that can easily be overcome through diligence and exertion of effort efforts by the subject.
Vincible ignorance
This ignorance in its subject is either ____________ or ________
Vincible or invincible
Is one which subject concerned cannot possibly overcome due to the lack of means, among other factors.
Invincible Ignorance
There are some people who purposely refused to wide knowledge of a certain thing they’re expected to know.
Affected ignorance
This refers the relation of ignorance to the act done out of ignorance.
Ignorance in its result
Proceeds the concept of the will.
Antecedent ignorance
A company an act that would be performed, even if there was no ignorance.
Concomitant ignorance
Somehow the agent has some of knowledge of the law, yet he refuses to be due to an accompanying ignorance.
Concomitant ignorance
Is a vincible ignorance, but the subject deliberately refuses to conquer it. The agent advertently does not make any effort to dispel the ignorance in order to escape, responsibility, and accountability.
Consequent ignorance
For an act to be voluntary, knowledge and freedom must be present, upon which voluntariness depends. But they were lacking thus, the act is involuntary.
Principle 1: invincible ignorance makes an act involuntary
Vincible ignorance is within the ability of the person to overcome it. If only he exercises and effort and diligence, he can acquire the knowledge, but he does not do it, despite the fact that he is aware of his ignorance and the capacity to subdue it.
Principle 2: invincible ignorance does not render the act involuntary, but reduces the voluntariness in the order corresponding accountability over the act
Lessen the voluntariness of the act and renders it less human
Vincible ignorance
Affected ignorance is vincible but the agent willfully does not exert effort to dispel it. For this reason, he has some degree of voluntariness. The fact that there is ignorance, however, means less voluntariness on the part of the agent.
Principle 3: Affected ignorance in a way reduces and in another way, intensifies voluntariness
As a modifier of human act, refers to body tendencies (appetite) of month, sometimes called the passions.
Concupiscence
The passions are concupiscence are called?
Antecedent
Antecedent, when they suddenly spring up inti action without the sanction of the will, they are called_____________ when the will acts on them favorably.
Consequent
Is an act of man and not human and is not a voluntary act. Since the passions are somewhat sudden than reactions without the deliberation, there is no amount of voluntariness involved.
Antecedent concupiscence
The passions are not totally rational act of the intellect when they act without approval and a accompaniment of the will-act.
Principle 4: antecedent concupiscence diminish the voluntariness of the act
Simply means reduction of its quantity or intensity, implying that voluntariness is still present.
Diminish
While antecedent concupiscence diminishes voluntariness, it does not altogether eliminate the same.
Principle 5: antecedent concupiscence does not eliminate voluntariness of an act
Refers to a person’s perturbed state of mind due to an impending danger or evil that might befall him anytime.
Fear
When one has to kill an enemy to defend himself this is called?
Act out of fear
When a priest goes to preach Christ gospel in communist lands, this is called
Act in fear
Why did the act is done out of fear, the agent remains in control of his mind, commanding to act to be done. The act is voluntary and is a human act, not act of man. He really chooses to proceed with the act instead of giving into the demand of fear.
Principle 7: an act done out of fear, however great, is simply voluntary, although it is also regularly conditionally voluntary.
Refers to physical, external force inflicted on a person by a free agent for the purpose of companion that person to do an act against his will.
Violence
It is but instinctive for a human person to resist violence being inflicted to him by an aggressor. In this sense, it is a moral duty to make resistance.
Principle 8: external act, which are recommended, performed by a person under pending violence, which could be reasonably resist, are involuntary and, therefore, not imputable
Refers to repeatable act of a person done with facility and ease. Acquired inclination towards something to be done.
Habit
Remain voluntary in the agent.
Habit
There are acts done for certain specific purposes.
The indirect voluntary act
An act may result dual effects, one good and the other evil.
Principle 9: the principle of double effect
An agent is allowed to perform such a provided. The following requirements are fulfilled: (Principle of double effect)
- The act must be good in itself or at least morally neutral
- The good effect must be greater than the evil one, Or equally important at least.
- The act is the only means to attain the good effect.
- The evil effect must be the last to happen.
- The agent must be honest in his intention.
The act done was human act. Hence, the agent was responsible, and therefore accountable for the evil side effect of the act.
Principle 9: An agent is responsible for the evil effect of his indirect voluntary act.
Ignorance in its object:
Ignorance of fact
Ignorance of law
Ignorance of penalty
Ignorance in its subject:
Vincible ignorance
Invincible Ignorance
Ignorance in its result:
Antecedent ignorance
Concomitant ignorance
Consequent ignorance
Worst kind of ignorance
Consequent ignorance
Modifiers:
Concupiscence
Ignorance
Fear
Violence
Habit
