Chapter 3 Flashcards
The only way to give meaning to human existence is to posit a?
Goal
It is a fact, as we experience, as the every human activity tends toward as?
end, a purpose, or goal.
Ignacio (1985) puts it in a syllogistic form: (Man and His Ends)
All acts tend toward an end
But human existence is an act
Therefore, human existence tends toward an end.
The very cause of human existence
End
End is the very reason why an______________, the very reason for its__________.
act is performed
existence
Both a termination of an act and a goal thereof
End
End is what completes an?
Act
It is also the for which an act is performed
End
We do not speak of end here as ________ or ________ or rim of an object, but rather the______________.
Edge or limit
Object of an act
Man would not move to make an act without an object (end) in view. If he makes an act without any purpose to attain, he is acting without any directions. In a sense, he could be?
Abnormal
Man would not move to make an act without an____________.
object (end) in view
The end is?
The final cause of a human activity
The end is that which is apprehended as desirable. Since it is desirable, it attracts the agent to do an act towards it.
The end of human act is good
There is no one who would intend to attain?
Evil for its own sake
Per se cannot be desired as an end to be attained.
Evil
An object or act is perceived as good when it is useful for one’s purpose and satisfaction.
Good as to utility
Thing is perceived as good due to its________________
Utility value
Is relative depending on its usefulness or destructiveness or non-usefulness to our purpose at the moment.
Goodness of an object
People consider an object or act as a thing of beauty when it satisfies their aesthetic appetite
Good as to beauty
Goodness by nature is real, not accidental. In this context a thing is seen as good, not because of usefulness or aesthetic value, but because it is its nature and reality.
Good as to nature and reality
Goodness by nature is real, not_____________. In this context a thing is seen as good, not because of__________________, but because it is its___________.
accidental
usefulness or aesthetic value
nature and reality
Applied specifically to beings of moral nature: human being
Moral good
Beings of moral nature
Human beings
People know what is right which he is___________ to do, and the evil which he___________.
Inclined to do
He tends to avoid
There seem to be good or goodness that are?
Morally evil
Man’s moral goodness emanated the following:
He is good to himself
Good to other people
Good to environment
Good to God
The Good:
Good as to utility
Good as to beauty
Good as to nature and reality
Classification of Ends:
The end of the act
The end of the agent
Temporal end
Ultimate end
End toward which the act of its own nature is immediately directed.
As end of the act
It is directed object of the act
As end of the act
Can be different or the same as the end of the act depending upon the agent.
As end of the agent
When an end is subject to time and place, it is classified as ?
Temporal end
When an end is subject to time and place, it is classified as?
Temporal ends
It does not last forever, but only for a certain time
Temporal end
Relative to duration, are used for the attainment of the ultimate end
Temporal-intermediary
Are intermediary in that they are used as means to attain other ends,
Temporal ends
They are means-end. They are not ends per se. Hence, they cannot be the ultimate end.
Temporal ends
The end of all end
The ultimate end
Last and final goal of human act and the human agent.
The ultimate end
This cannot be used to attain any higher end.
The ultimate end
Two aspects of the ultimate end
Subjective ultimate end
Objective ultimate end
This is the aspect of the ultimate end which is the subjective possession of the objective ultimate end by the person. The possession results to enjoyment or happiness.
Subjective Ultimate End
This is the aspect of the ultimate end is inseparable from the subjective ultimate end. When combined with the perceived objectively by the agent outside himself.
Objective Ultimate End
Gives the agent happiness by possession thereof
Objective Ultimate End
Supreme good, the highest good of all goods.
Summum bonum
The crowning point of the series of temporal-intermediary ends.
Ultimate end
Gives meaning to all temporal ends
Ultimate end
Man’s last end or ultimate goal
Perfect happiness
Ultimate Goals of life is generally classify by Di Napoli under the following:
Materialistic Ethics
Ultra-Spiritualism
Progressive Ethics
This tendency holds that the supreme good of human life are human pleasures and satisfaction.
Materialistic Ethics
Teaches that the highest end of human life is found in sensual pleasure and bodies satisfaction.
Hedonism
These includes biological, sexual and social pleasures and all kinds of bodily enjoyments
Hedonism
Forerunners of hedonisms teachings:
Aristippus - Greek
Helvetius - Modern thinkers
Holds that the ultimate end of man is the possession of political power through conquest of other nations.
Utilitarianism
Proponents of utilitarianism:
Epicurus, followed by:
- Lueretius and Horace
In modern period:
- Hobbes and Nietzche
Teaches that the greatest value of man consists of the maximum welfare of the entire society.
Social Utilitarianism
Proponents of Social Utilitarianism:
Bentham
Stuart-Mill
This type of ethics takes spiritual matters and virtues in this life as the ultimate end of man
Ultra-Spiritualism
Two forms of ultra-spiritualism:
Greco-roman stoicism
Humanistic Personalism
This ethics takes virtue and abstinence from sensual pleasures as the highest end of man.
Greco-Roman Stoicism
Proponents of Greco-Roman Stoicism:
Zeno of Citius
Chrysippus
Seneca
The ultimate end consists of human perfection through knowledge, virtue, honor, which must be acquired.
Humanistic Personalism
According to him and others, The ultimate end consists of human perfection through knowledge, virtue, honor, which must be acquired.
Christian Wolff
The ethics of progress takes indefinite progress, material or spiritual, as the ultimate end of man.
Progressive ethics
He states that the final goal of a man is the continuous acquisition of all temporal goods
Aristotle
Temporal happiness and temporal progress as ultimate end is?
Egoistic
First pope
Simon Peter
Ultimately goal of christianity
God’s Glory and Salvation of Mankind
Two basic points of christian ethics:
God promises salvation to man
Man freely accepts the condition for his salvation : to do or not to do God’s will
The ultimate end consists of human___________ through ________, __________, ___________which must be acquired.
perfection
knowledge, virtue, honor,
