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principles of disease > chapter 4(18) > Flashcards

chapter 4(18) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a fracture?

A

A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone.

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2
Q

what causes a fracture?

A

Fractures occur due to trauma, neoplasms, or increased stress on bones.

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3
Q

when is pain of OA felt?

A

weight bearing/walking

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4
Q

inflammatory response non-specific response to…

A

any tissue injury

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5
Q

in inflammatory response, warmth, redness results in…

A

increase blood flow

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6
Q

systemic effects are…

A

fatique, anerexia

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7
Q

change in tissue marked by cells of diff shape and show increase in mitotic acitivity…

A

displaysa

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8
Q

complete fractor

A

bone broken forming separate pieces

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9
Q

incomplete fracture

A

bone only partially broken

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10
Q

open fracture

A

skin is broken

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11
Q

closed fracture

A

skin is not broken

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12
Q

simple fracture

A

single break, maintain alignment and position

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13
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

multiple fractures and bone fragments

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14
Q

impacted fracture (trauma fracture)

A

one end forced into adjacent bone, femur into pelvis

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15
Q

Pathologic fracture (trauma fracture)

A

results from weakness, occurs with little stress

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16
Q

Stress fracture (trauma fracture)

A

– fatigue fractures

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17
Q

Depressed fracture (trauma fracture)

A

skull fractured and forced into brain

18
Q

Hematoma (healing of bone fracture)

A

fibrin network is formed

19
Q

Factors Affecting Bone Healing

A

Amount of local damage
Proximity of bone ends
Presence of foreign material or infection
Blood supply to fracture site
Systemic factors – age, nutrition, anemia, etc.

20
Q

Closed reduction (treatment for fractures)

A

pressure to restore bone position

21
Q

Open reduction (treatment for fractures)

A

– surgery to align and/or insert pins, crews rods, or plates to align

22
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Metabolic bone disorder, Decrease in bone mass and density

23
Q

Primary osteoporosis

A

Idiopathic
Age 50+ years
Decreased sex hormones-post menopause- loss ovarian function, estrogen deficiency *need estrogen to inhibit bone resorption
Decreased calcium intake

24
Q

secondary osteoporosis

A

As a complication of another disorder

25
Q

what can osteoporosis lead to?

A

Can lead to kyphosis and scoliosis

26
Q

Treatments for osteoporosis?

A

Dietary supplements
Exercise that is weight bearing
Physiotherapy to reduce pain and maintain function
Bisphosphonates & Selective estrogen receptor modulators: inhibit bone resorption, taken orally(i.e. boniva, fosamax
Calcitonin- nasal spray
Human parathyroid hormone- injection to stimulate osteoblast formation (i.e. Forteo)

27
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

A syndrome characterized by:
Pain in soft tissues
Stiffness affecting muscles, tendons, and soft tissue
No obvious inflammation or atrophy
Sleep disturbance and fatigue++
Anxiety and/or depression may be present
Cause is not known but is hypothesized to be an imbalance in serotonin and other neurotransmitters or increased production of substance P

28
Q

Predisposing and aggravating factors for fibromyalgia

A

Onset is higher in women age 20 to 50 years.
History of physical or psychological trauma or chronic pain
Sleep deprivation
Stress
Fatigue

29
Q

Treatment for fibromyalgia

A 
Stress avoidance or reduction
Regular exercise in the morning
Pace activity and rest as needed
Applications of heat or massage, swimming
Analgesic drugs
Low doses of antidepressants 
NSAIDs
New drugs – Lyrica (pregabalin)
30
Q

Rickets and Osteomalacia

A

Result from deficit of vitamin D and phosphates
Causes – dietary deficits, malabsorption, intake of phenobarbitol, lack of sun exposure
In children, leads to weak bones and other skeletal deformities
In adults, may lead to soft bones, resulting in compression fractures

31
Q

Muscular Dystrophy (MD)

A

A group of autosomal recessive disorders
Degeneration of skeletal muscle over time
Duchenne or pseudohypertrophic MD is most common type – affects young boys

32
Q

Osteoarthritis (pathophisiology)

A

Articular cartilage is damaged.
Surface of cartilage becomes rough and worn.
Tissue damage causes release of enzymes, accelerating disintegration of cartilage.
Subchondral bone may be exposed.

33
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Considered an autoimmune disorder, RF antibody
Causes chronic systemic inflammatory disease
Higher incidence in women than in men
Affects all age groups

34
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (pathophisiology)

A

Synovitis – marked inflammation, cell proliferation
Pannus formation – granulation tissue spreads
Cartilage erosion – creates unstable joint
Fibrosis – calcifies and obliterates joint space
Ankylosis – joint fixation and deformity develop if untreated

35
Q

what is the etiology of RA?

A

Exact cause not known
Genetic factor is present.
Familial predisposition
Some links to viral infections

36
Q

Systemic signs of RA

A 
Fatigue
Anorexia
Mild fever
Generalized lymphadenopathy
Generalized aching
37
Q

Spondyloarthropathies affecting the spine

A

Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis or reiter syndrome
Enteritis-associated arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis

Related autoimmune, genetically influenced, vertebral arthritis in patients who are seronegative(no specific antibody)

38
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

A chronic progressive inflammatory condition
Affects sacroiliac joints, intervertebral spaces, costovertebral joints
More common in men age 20 to 40 years
Cause has not yet been determined – deemed an autoimmune disorder with genetic basis

39
Q

Systemic signs of ankylosing spondylitis

A

fatigue, fever, weight loss, uveitis

40
Q

avulsion

A

complete deatchment from lgament or tendon from bone

principles of disease (5 decks)

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