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principles of disease > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sensitivity?

A

the ability for a test to be positive in presence of a disease

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2
Q

Specifity?

A

The ability for a test to be negative in the absence of a disease

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3
Q

Gross level?

A

organism level

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4
Q

Necrosis?

A

dead tissue

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5
Q

infectious?

A

caused by a pathogen

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6
Q

latent period

A

Pathological changes with no obvious manifestations

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7
Q

onset

A

begging of disease

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8
Q

chronic

A
  • begins slow
  • manifestations difficult to interperet
  • long time
  • vaccine cannot prevent
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9
Q

acute

A
  • airises rapidly
  • accompanied by distinct clinical manifestations
  • lasts short time
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10
Q

degenerative

A

caused by vunerabilities of aging

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11
Q

Genetis

A

caused by gentic defect

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12
Q

Incubation period

A

person may feel well but, micro organism rapidly reproducing

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13
Q

padromal period

A

Early developement of disease

ex: minor aches and pains

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14
Q

recurrance

A

when dz reapears

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15
Q

Exaccerbation

A

period of increased intensity of the disease

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16
Q

Recovery

A

after main illness subsided

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17
Q

complications

A

adverse consequences of the dz

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18
Q

sequeleae

A

adverse out comes at a later time

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19
Q

signs

A

objective data, studies, image, lab results

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20
Q

Lesion

A

anatomic abnormality produced by dz

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21
Q

Pathology

A

scientific study of changes in the bodily structures and functions as a result of a dz

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22
Q

etiology

A

cause of the dz

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23
Q

pathogenesis

A

natural history or cause of the dz

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24
Q

pathophysiology

A

mannor in which in correct function is expressed

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25
Q

idiopathic

A

etiology is unknown

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26
Q

iatrogenic

A

by product of medical treatment

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27
Q

nosocomial

A

dz origanated while person was in hospital

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28
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of dz in large populations

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29
Q

incidence

A

of new cases of a perticualr dz which occurs ina year

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30
Q

diagnosis

A

name for the cause of the patients problems

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31
Q

syndrome

A

collection of symptoms, signs, and test data

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32
Q

prognosis

A

probabilty of recovery

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33
Q

mortality

A

of ppl dying from a paricualr dz in a certain period of time

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34
Q

morbidity

A

of ppl with an illness or complication of an illness in a group

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35
Q

prevalence

A

of ppl with certain dz in a given moment

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36
Q

anatomic pathology

A

study of structual changes caused by dz

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37
Q

gross examination

A

examination of tissue by observation

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38
Q

autopsy

A

after death dissection of a body

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39
Q

biopsy

A

examination of live tissue, usually under microscope

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40
Q

postive test

A

if health is abnormal

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41
Q

negative test

A

if health is normal

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42
Q

ulceration

A

eroded away

43
Q

hypertonic scar tissue

A

overgrowth of fibrous tissue

leads to hard ridges of scar tissue or keloid formation

44
Q

replacement

A

functional tissue replaces by scar tissue (loss of function)

45
Q

regeneration

A

duhhhh

46
Q

resolution

A

minimal tissue damage

47
Q

malaise

A

feeling unwell

48
Q

hemorahagic

A

present if blood vessels damaged

49
Q

purulent (exudate)

A

thick yellow-ish green. contains more leukocytes, cell debris and micro organisms

50
Q

fibrinous (exudate)

A

thick sticky, high cell and fibrin content

51
Q

exudate

A

a mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ, especially in inflammation.

52
Q

serous (exudate)

A

watery, consists primarily of fluid some protiens and white blood cells.

53
Q

virulence

A

measure of the severity of dz

54
Q

pathogenic

A

capable of producing dz

55
Q

septicemia

A

overwhelming infection where pathogenic bacteria gain access to blood stream

56
Q

absess`

A

infection associated w/ break down of tissues, formation of puss

57
Q

cellulitis

A

acute spreading infection @ any site

58
Q

innate defenses

A
  • skin
  • mucous
  • membranes
  • sweat glands
59
Q

Gangrene

A

an area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

60
Q

infraction

A

an area of dead cells as a result of O2 deprivation

61
Q

caseous necrosis

A

(form of coagulation) thick yellowish, cheesy substance forms

62
Q

Fat necrosis

A

fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids

63
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

cell protiens are altered or denatured

64
Q

liquefaction necrosis

A

dead cells liquify due to release of enzymes

65
Q

chemical toxins (endogenous-cell damage)

A

from inside the body

66
Q

hypoxia

A

reduced O2 in tissues

67
Q

ishemia

A

deficit of O2 in the cells

68
Q

neoplasm

A

“new growth”

commonly called tumor

69
Q

anaplasia

A

undifferentiated calls w/ variable nuclear and cell structure

70
Q

metaplasia

A

mature cell type is replaced by different mature cell type

ex. change in resp. cell cuz of smoking

71
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased in # of cells

72
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

73
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size of cell

74
Q

prevalence

A

total # of cases (likly hood of dz)

75
Q

incidence

A

probability of being diagnosed w/ a dz during a given period of time

76
Q

pandemic

A

involve a higher # of cases in many regions of the globe

77
Q

epidemicsthe

A

occur when a higher than expected # of cases of an infectionous dz occur w/ in a given area

78
Q

epidemiolgy

A

science of identifying the causative factors and tracking the oattern or occurance of dz

79
Q

rehabilitation

A

maximizing function of dz’d tissue

80
Q

prognosis

A

proababity of recovery

81
Q

convalescence

A

period of recovery

82
Q

therapy

A

treatment measures to promote recovery or slow the progress of dz

83
Q

complications

A

new secondary or additional problems

84
Q

precipitating factors

A

condition that triggers an acute episode.

85
Q

manifestations

A

signs and syptoms of dz

86
Q

latent state

A

no symptoms or clinical signs evident

87
Q

subclinical state

A

pathologic changes, no obvious manifestions

88
Q

A disease of unknown origin is more commonly referred to as

A

idiopathic

89
Q

Which of the following is an example of anatomic pathology

A

Gross examination- assessment of tissue by observation

90
Q

A chronic disease differs from an acute disease because

A

acute: short lasting, clinical manifestations, and arisies rapidly.
Chronic: long lasting, begins slowly, can not be prevented through vaccine.

91
Q

A latent period

A

the interval between exposure to a carcinogen, toxin, or disease-causing organism and development of a consequent disease.

92
Q
  1. True or false? A greater degree of abnormality does not increase the likelihood that disease is present
A

false

93
Q

Standard deviation is which of the following?

A

A measurement. a measure of dispersion in a frequency distribution

94
Q

The natural history and development of the disease process is

A

Pathogenesis

95
Q

True or false? The cause of all disease is environmental injury or genetic defect

A

false

96
Q

The number of new cases per year is the

A

Prevalence

97
Q

True or False? A functional disorder can lead to a structural change.

A

True

98
Q

True or false? Acute disease typically begins with manifestations that are difficult to interpret.

A

False: Chronic disease typically begins with manifestations that are difficult to interpret.

99
Q

What is the scientific name for a period of vague, early

manifestations that herald the coming of more pronounced disease?

A

Prodromal period

100
Q

What is the name for a short period of increased intensity of
disease?

A

Exacerbation

101
Q

What is the scientific name for the cause of a disease?

A

Etiology

102
Q

What is the scientific name for a structural abnormality of disease?

A

Lesion

103
Q

True or false? The incidence of a disease is the number of new
cases of a particular disease that appear in a year

A

True

104
Q

True or false? A biopsy is an examination of a tissue specimen to determine the cause of death.

A

False: A biopsy is an examination of living tissue

principles of disease (5 decks)

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