chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Primary immune response-
A
takes about 1 week b/c immune system has not previously encountered the antigen
2
Q
what makes IgB?
A
B cells
3
Q
what are B cells?
A
Responsible for production of antibodies Involved in humoral immunity Against bacteria, fungi , parasites, pollen outside body cells Mature in bone marrow Proceed to spleen and lymphoid tissue Become plasma cells upon contact with antigen B-memory cells Can quickly form clone of plasma cells
4
Q
IgE
A
Appears in trace amounts
Attaches to mast cells
Important in hay fever, skin allergies
5
Q
would some one suffering from an allergy have high or low blood pressure?
A
low
6
Q
IgD
A
Does not appear in blood
Bound exclusively to cell membrane of B cells
Activates B cells to recognize antigen and undergo clonal expansion
7
Q
T cells?
A
T-cells stimulated only by contact w/ antigen bound to a cell membrane
T-cell then migrate to site for action (takes days)
“Delayed or cellular immunity”
8
Q
Cytoxic T cells-
A
target and destroy, mostly cancer cells, viruses, some bacterial/fungal
9
Q
Helper T cells-
A
Facilitate the immune activities of B cells and other T cells
10
Q
Suppressor T cells-
A
Shut down the immune response, prevent auto immune dz
11
Q
Memory T cells-
A
Enable the immune system to mount a rapid secondary response
12
Q
Physical/Chemical barriers: ( immunity against non-self)
A
Skin, mucus membranes, gastric acid (non-immune defense)
13
Q
Lymphatic system: (immunity against non-self)
A
Branching network of lymphoid vessels, houses immune cells
14
Q
Immune system: (immunity against non-self)
A
Cellular/molecular defense. Key players are WBCs. (Specific/ Acquired/Adaptive
15
Q
Primary lyphoid organs
A
Bone marrow
Thymus
16
Q
Lymphatic system
A
network of small lymph vessels
17
Q
Secondary lymph organs
A
Tonsils
Lymph nodes
Nodules of lymphoid tissue in intestinal and respiratory tract
Spleen
18
Q
Function of lymphatic system
A
House and support immune cells
Filter tissue fluid for non-self content
In the intestines only, to absorb fat and deliver it into the blood
19
Q
Lymph fluid-
A
identical to interstitial fluid-contains water, electrolytes, and little protein
20
Q
Lymph nodes-
A
Composed of immune system cells, approx. 500 in fat and other soft tissue
21
Q
Mucosal
A
associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)- situated at sites where pathogens frequently enter the body
22
Q
Innate- natural- present at birth
A
, attack any non-self substance.
Does not require prior exposure, occurs within minutes and is fast and broad. Example???
23
Q
Adaptive- Acquired/Specific
A
Slower, programmable.
Learns characteristics of non-self material. Memorized for use in future.
24
Q
Antigens (Immunogens)
A
Are foreign substances or human cell surface antigens
Composed complex proteins
Activate system to produce matching antibodies
Antigens representing self present on individual’s cell membrane
25
Haptens
small non-protein molecules can stimulate immune reaction by combining w/ normal self-protein i.e. skin rash of poison ivy
26
Macrophages
Large phagocytic cells
Derived from blood monocytes
Migrate freely in blood
Engulf foreign material
Display antigens of foreign material to lymphocytes, thus initiates immune response
Secrete chemicals
i.e., monokines and interleukins- such as in inflammatory response = secondary immune response
27
Dentritic cells
Evolve from monocytes or lyphocytes
Remain fixed in place, concentrated in lymphoid organs and in tissues exposed to environment i.e. skin, lining of respiratory tract, lining of GI tract
*Both dentritic cells and macrophages are also called antigen presenting cells (present antigen to T lymphocytes)
28
Lymphocytes- WBCs primary cell in immunity
Lymphocytes circulating in blood comprise 5% of all lymphocytes, 95% reside in lymphoid organs and tissues
One line of fetal lymphocytes migrate to thymus-T cells
Cells that remain in the bone marrow- B cells
29
T- lymphocytes
Compromise two-thirds of blood lyphocytes
| Are the agents of cellular (delayed) adaptive immunity
30
B- lymphocytes
Compromise one-fourth of blood lymphocytes
| Are the agents of humoral (antibody) adaptive immunity
31
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Compromise 10% of blood lymphocytes
Fast and aggressive at killing virus infected and tumor cells
Destroy w/o prior exposure
32
Lymphocytes
| B-lymphocytes
```
Responsible for production of antibodies
Involved in humoral immunity
Against bacteria, fungi , parasites, pollen outside body cells
Mature in bone marrow
Proceed to spleen and lymphoid tissue
Become plasma cells upon contact with antigen
B-memory cells
Can quickly form clone of plasma cells
```
33
IgG
Smallest, most abundant in blood
| Neutralizes microoranisms
34
IgM
Largest immunoglobulin
| Attacks microorganisms and is produced rapidly
35
IgA
Most abundant in mucosal secretions
Tears
Saliva and mucous membranes
Colostrum
36
IgE
Appears in trace amounts
Attaches to mast cells
Important in hay fever, skin allergies
37
IgD
Does not appear in blood
Bound exclusively to cell membrane of B cells
Activates B cells to recognize antigen and undergo clonal expansion
38
How do antibodies work?
Neutralize the function of antigen
Cause cell death by rupturing the cell membrane
Inciting an inflammatory reaction to neutralize or digest the microbe
Making microbe more susceptible to phagocytosis by inflammatory cells
Combination of antibody-antigen is IMMUNE COMPLEX
39
Cytoxic T cells-
target and destroy, mostly cancer cells, viruses, some bacterial/fungal
40
Helper T cells-
Facilitate the immune activities of B cells and other T cells
41
Suppressor T cells-
Shut down the immune response, prevent auto immune dz
42
Memory T cells-
Enable the immune system to mount a rapid secondary response
43
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Mechanism by which antigens are displayed on immune cells
| Glyocoprotein complex on the surface of cells to allow the immune system to recognize it as self or non-self
44
MHC 1-
Present on all cells, except RBCs, gives signal that they are self or non-self
45
MHC 2-
only on macrophages and dendritic cells, gives signal for immune cells to go looking for the pathogen which they are presenting
46
Complement System
Activated during immune reactions with IgG or IgM
Group of inactive proteins circulating in blood
Numbered C1 to C9, floating in blood
Causes cell damage and further inflammation when activated
47
Chemical Mediators
```
Involved in inflammation and immune reactions
i.e., histamine, interleukins
Variety of functions
Signaling
Causing cellular damage
```
48
Active natural immunity
Natural exposure to antigen
| Development of antibodies
49
Active artificial immunity
Antigen purposefully introduced to body
Stimulation of antibody production
Immunization (toxoid dead or weak bacterium)
Booster immunization (5-10 yrs later)
Takes few weeks, memory for years
50
Passive natural immunity
IgG transferred from mother to fetus
Across placenta, breast milk supplies antibodies
Protection of infant for the first few months of life or until weaned
51
Passive artificial immunity
Injection of antibodies from person to animal into second person i.e snake antivenom, rabies antiserum
Short-term protection
52
Hyperacute rejection
Immediately after transplantation
53
Acute rejection
Develops after several weeks
54
Chronic/late rejection
Occurs after months or years
55
Immunosuppression
```
Reduction of immune response to prevent rejection
Commonly used drugs
Cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone
High risk of infection
Due to immune suppression
Opportunistic organisms
```
56
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Result of abnormally active immune system and are cause of allergy and autoimmune diseass
57
4 mechanisms of hypersensitivity
```
B cell mediated:
-Immediate (type 1)
-Cytotoxic (type 2)
-Immune complex (type 3)
T cell mediated:
-Cellular delayed (type 4)
```
58
Type I hypersensitivity
allergic reactions
59
Type II – Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
Caused by B cell antibodies which react with antigens on the surface membrane of cells or with extracellular tissue
Normal self antigens seen as non-self
IgG and IgM antibodies form antigen-antibody complexes on cell surface
Examples: Myasthenia gravis, immune hemolytic anemia
60
Type III – Immune Complex Hypersensivity
Antigen combines with antibody
Forming immune complexes – deposited in tissue
Activation of complement system
Process causes inflammation and tissue destruction
Examples:
Farmers lung- autoimmune pneumonitis- 2/2 hay mold
Celiac dz, Lupus
Allergic alveolitis
61
Type IV – Cell-Mediated or Delayed Hypersensitivity
Delayed response by sensitized T-lymphocytes
No antibodies are produced clinical reaction delayed a few days
Cause inflammatory response
Destruction of the antigen
Examples:
Tuberculosis
Contact dermatitis- to chemical- cosmetics, dyes, poison ivy, latex, metallic jewelry
DM, RA, MS, Crohns dz
Transplant rejection
62
READ THE SLIDES FROM CLASS!!!
NOT ALL INFORMAION FROM SLIDES OR CHAPTER THREE ARE IN THIS!! REMINDER!!!
63
Antigens
| Self
HLA proteins label cells of the individual.
| Immune system ignores “self” cells, generates tolerance
64
Antigens nonself
Immune system recognizes specific non-self antigens as foreign.
Development of a specific response to that particular antigen
Memory cells produced to respond quickly to antigen
65
Course of HIV-AIDS (phase 1)
Initial infection in 3-6 wks with mild flu-like symptoms, self limiting-immune reponse limits infection, antibodies form in 2-10 wks(blood test) HIV+
66
Course of HIV-AIDS (phase 2)
LATENT may last yrs, asymptomatic or lymphadenopathy, Helper T4 cell count dec. And weaker immune response
67
Course of HIV-AIDS (phase 3)
ACUTE AIDS Immunodeficiency
| Very low T4 cell count, multiple severe opportunistic infections, cancers, wasting, CNS involvement
68
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
chronic infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
69
Food allergy (atopic) immune reaction
exaggerated immune reaction to dietary proteins (3%)
70
food allergy no immune reaction
Remaining 97% due to non-immune reactions to food i.e. lactose intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome, infectious gastroenteritis
Reactions to food additives, food contaminants or other food intolerances
Common triggers in infants milk, soy, eggs, peanuts, wheat
71
Why are AIDS patients at high risk for malignancy?
Failed immune surveillance
72
What is the therapy that prolongs life in HIV-infected individuals?
HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy)
73
What is the most common immunodeficiency other than AIDS?
Isolated IgA deficiency
74
Name in order the three phases of HIV infection.
1) Acute viral syndrome, 2) chronic infection, 3) AIDS
75
True or false? The diagnosis of AIDS depends primarily on finding AIDS-related disease.
true
76
True or false? The HIV virus attacks both B and T cells directly.
false, attacks T cells only
77
True or false? Most immune deficiencies are acquired.
True
78
The major crossmatch mixes recipient ____ with donor _______.
Plasma. Red cells
79
what blood typre is a universal donor?
O type
80
What mediates hyperacute rejection?
Preformed antibodies
81
Are B cells or T cells the main threat in tissue transplantation?
T cells
82
rue or false? Acute rejection is the result of both B and T cells. True
true
83
Name a principal nonimmune defense system.
Surface barriers such as skin and mucosa
84
True or false? Immune defense mechanisms are the first line of defense against microorganisms.
False: Nonimmune is the first line of defense mechanism.
85
MALT is lymphoid tissue present in the upper respiratory tract and _________.
Gastrointestinal tract
86
Lymph nodes serve as sentry posts monitoring the body for __________.
microbes and tumour cells
87
True or false? Vaccines are an example of harnessing the power of the secondary response of adaptive immunity.
true
88
True or false? Innate immunity requires programming.
False: It is present from birth and consists of cellular and molecular defense capabilities that have an evolved ability to attack any nonself substance and does not require prior exposure.
89
Define antigen and antibody.
An antigen is any substance capable of inciting an immune reaction. An antibody is an antiantigen protein.
90
True or false? Natural killer cells require immune programming to be effective.
False: They do not require immune programming.
91
What two immune cell types are able to migrate freely among blood and lymphoid organs?
Lymphocytes and macrophages
92
True or false? B cells do not require that an antigen presenting cell present antigen to them.
true
93
Which antibodies do not circulate in blood?
IgD and IgE
94
Name the four types of T cells.
cytotoxic, suppressor, helper, memory
95
True or false? Antinuclear antibodies are found only in patients who do not have SLE.
False: Antinuclear antibodies are regularly found in patients who do not have SLE.
96
Chemical Mediators
```
Involved in inflammation and immune reactions
i.e., histamine, interleukins
Variety of functions
Signaling
Causing cellular damage
```
97
Natural immunity
Species specific, humans not suseptible to same infections as animals
98
Innate immunity
Gene specific
| Related to ethnicity, race
99
Active natural immunity
Natural exposure to antigen
| Development of antibodies
100
Active artificial immunity
Antigen purposefully introduced to body
Stimulation of antibody production
Immunization (toxoid dead or weak bacterium)
Booster immunization (5-10 yrs later)
Takes few weeks, memory for years
101
Passive natural immunity
IgG transferred from mother to fetus
Across placenta, breast milk supplies antibodies
Protection of infant for the first few months of life or until weaned
102
Passive artificial immunity
Injection of antibodies from person to animal into second person i.e snake antivenom, rabies antiserum
Short-term protection
103
Type I hypersensitivity
```
allergic reactions
Rxn is w/in few min after antigen combines w/ preformed antibody created by B cells
Common in most allergic disorders: hives, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, bronchial asthma
Causative mechanism
Exposure to allergen
Development of IgEs
Mast cells
Complications
Anaphylaxis
```
104
Type II – Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
Caused by B cell antibodies which react with antigens on the surface membrane of cells or with extracellular tissue
Normal self antigens seen as non-self
IgG and IgM antibodies form antigen-antibody complexes on cell surface
Examples: Myasthenia gravis, immune hemolytic anemia
105
Type III – Immune Complex Hypersensivity
Antigen combines with antibody
Forming immune complexes – deposited in tissue
Activation of complement system
Process causes inflammation and tissue destruction
Examples:
Farmers lung- autoimmune pneumonitis- 2/2 hay mold
Celiac dz, Lupus
Allergic alveolitis
106
Type IV – Cell-Mediated or Delayed Hypersensitivity
Delayed response by sensitized T-lymphocytes
No antibodies are produced clinical reaction delayed a few days
Cause inflammatory response
Destruction of the antigen
Examples:
Tuberculosis
Contact dermatitis- to chemical- cosmetics, dyes, poison ivy, latex, metallic jewelry
DM, RA, MS, Crohns dz
Transplant rejection
107
Autoimmune Disorders
Development of antibodies against own cells/tissues
Auto-antibodies are antibodies formed against self-antigens – loss of self-tolerance
Disorder can affect single organs or tissues or can be generalized
Genetic, aging, some lose tolerance to self antigens following tissue damage and release large # self-antigens-> antibodies form
Examples:
Hashimoto thyroiditis; systemic lupus erythematosus; rheumatic fever; myasthenia gravis; scleroderma; pernicious anemia
108
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Chronic inflammatory disease
Affects a number of organ systems
Characteristic facial rash – “butterfly rash”
Affects primarily young women
Incidence is higher in African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, Native Americans
109
au·to·im·mune
of or relating to disease caused by antibodies or lymphocytes produced against substances naturally present in the body.
110
im·mu·no·de·fi·cien·cy
failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infection, due to the absence or insufficiency of some component process or substance.
111
leukocytosis
an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, especially during an infection.
112
leukopenia
a reduction in the number of white cells in the blood, typical of various diseases.
Origin
113
neutrophils
- acute inflamtion
- phagacytic
- produce chemical messengers to act on near by cells or distant organs
- in blood
114
Eosinophils
-parasite infectons
-allergic rxn
-
115
Pathophysiology of Bone Fracture
Fractures initiate an inflammatory response and hemostasis.
Bleeding
Edema causes stretching of periosteum (if it is intact) and swelling of soft tissues → Pain++
Release of bradykinin and other chemical mediators also contributes to pain.
Clot forms at fracture site.
Systemic signs of inflammation may occur.
116
Sprain
a tear in a ligament
117
Strain
a tear in a tendon
118
Avulsion
ligaments or tendons completely separated from bony attachments
119
name the types of arthrites and explain each
Infectious Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) (Cont’d,Primary Gout, Rheumatoid Arthritis,
120
what are the different types of fractures, explain
-complete,incomplete,open,closed,simple,comminuetd,compression,impacted,pathologic,stress,deppressed
