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General Chemistry > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

acid

A

substance that produces H3O+ when dissolved in water

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2
Q

acid-base reaction

A

reaction involving the transfer of a H ion between reactant species

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3
Q

actual yield

A

amount of product formed in a reaction

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4
Q

analyte

A

chemical species of interest

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5
Q

balanced equation

A

chemical equation with equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactant and product

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6
Q

base

A

substance that produces OH- when dissolved in water

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7
Q

buret

A

device used for the precise delivery of variable liquid volumes, such as in titration analysis

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8
Q

chemical equation

A

symbolic representation of a chemical reaction

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9
Q

coefficient

A

number placed in front of symbols or formulas in a chemical equation to indicate their relative amount

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10
Q

combustion analysis

A

gravimetric technique used to determine the elemental composition of a compound via the collection and weighing of its gaseous combustion products

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11
Q

combustion reaction

A

vigorous redox reaction producing significant amounts of energy in the form of heat and sometimes light

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12
Q

complete ionic equation

A

chemical equation in which all dissolved ionic reactants and products, including spectator ions, are explicitly represented by formulas for their dissociated ions

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13
Q

end point

A

measured volume of titrant solution that yields the change in sample solution appearance or other property expected for stoichiometric equivalence

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14
Q

equivalence point

A

volume of titrant solution required to react completely with the analyte in a titration analysis; provides a stoichiometric amount of titrant for the sample’s analyte according to the titration reaction

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15
Q

excess reactant

A

reactant present in an amount greater than required by the reaction stoichiometry

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16
Q

gravimetric analysis

A

quantitative chemical analysis method involving the separation of an analyte from a sample by a physical or chemical process and subsequent mass measurements of the analyte, reaction product, and/or sample

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17
Q

half-reaction

A

an equation that shows whether each reactant loses or gains electrons in a reaction

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18
Q

indicator

A

substance added to the sample in a titration analysis to permit visual detection of the end point

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19
Q

insoluble

A

of relatively low solubility; dissolving only to a slight extent

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20
Q

limiting reactant

A

reactant present in an amount lower than required by the reaction stoichiometry, thus limiting the amount of product generated

21
Q

molecular equation

A

chemical equation in which all reactants and products are represented as neutral substances

22
Q

net ionic equation

A

chemical equation in which only those dissolved ionic reactants and products that undergo a chemical or physical change are represented (excludes spectator ions)

23
Q

neutralization reaction

A

reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water

24
Q

oxidation

A

process in which an element’s oxidation number is increased by loss of electrons

25
Q

oxidation number/oxidation state

A

the charge each atom of an element would have in a compound if the compound were ionic

26
Q

oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

A

reaction involving a change in oxidation number for one or more reactant elements

27
Q

oxidizing agent/oxidant

A

substance that brings about the oxidation of another substance, and in the process becomes reduced

28
Q

percent yield

A

measure of the efficiency of a reaction, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield

29
Q

precipitate

A

insoluble product that forms from reaction of soluble reactants

30
Q

precipitation reaction

A

reaction that produces one or more insoluble products; when reactants are ionic compounds, sometimes called double-displacement or metathesis

31
Q

product

A

substance formed by a chemical or physical change; shown on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation

32
Q

quantitative analysis

A

the determination of the amount or concentration of a substance in a sample

33
Q

reactant

A

substance undergoing a chemical or physical change; shown on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation

34
Q

reducing agent/reductant

A

substance that brings about the reduction of another substance, and in the process becomes oxidized

35
Q

reduction

A

process in which an element’s oxidation number is decreased by gain of electrons

36
Q

salt

A

ionic compound that can be formed by the reaction of an acid with a base that contains a cation and an anion other than hydroxide or oxide

37
Q

single-displacement reaction

A

redox reaction involving the oxidation of an elemental substance by an ionic species

38
Q

solubility

A

the extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent

39
Q

soluble

A

of relatively high solubility; dissolving to a relatively large extent

40
Q

spectator ion

A

ion that does not undergo a chemical or physical change during a reaction, but its presence is required to maintain charge neutrality

41
Q

stoichiometric factor

A

ratio of coefficients in a balanced chemical equation, used in computations relating amounts of reactants and products

42
Q

stoichiometry

A

relationships between the amounts of reactants and products of a chemical reaction

43
Q

strong acid

A

acid that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions

44
Q

strong base

A

base that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions

45
Q

theoretical yield

A

amount of product that may be produced from a given amount of reactant(s) according to the reaction stoichiometry

46
Q

titrant

A

solution containing a known concentration of substance that will react with the analyte in a titration analysis

47
Q

titration analysis

A

quantitative chemical analysis method that involves measuring the volume of a reactant solution required to completely react with the analyte in a sample

48
Q

weak acid

A

acid that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions

49
Q

weak base

A

base that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions

General Chemistry (9 decks)

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