Chapter 4

Question 1

acid

Answer 1

substance that produces H3O+ when dissolved in water

Question 2

acid-base reaction

Answer 2

reaction involving the transfer of a H ion between reactant species

Question 3

actual yield

Answer 3

amount of product formed in a reaction

Question 4

analyte

Answer 4

chemical species of interest

Question 5

balanced equation

Answer 5

chemical equation with equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactant and product

Question 6

base

Answer 6

substance that produces OH- when dissolved in water

Question 7

buret

Answer 7

device used for the precise delivery of variable liquid volumes, such as in titration analysis

Question 8

chemical equation

Answer 8

symbolic representation of a chemical reaction

Question 9

coefficient

Answer 9

number placed in front of symbols or formulas in a chemical equation to indicate their relative amount

Question 10

combustion analysis

Answer 10

gravimetric technique used to determine the elemental composition of a compound via the collection and weighing of its gaseous combustion products

Question 11

combustion reaction

Answer 11

vigorous redox reaction producing significant amounts of energy in the form of heat and sometimes light

Question 12

complete ionic equation

Answer 12

chemical equation in which all dissolved ionic reactants and products, including spectator ions, are explicitly represented by formulas for their dissociated ions

Question 13

end point

Answer 13

measured volume of titrant solution that yields the change in sample solution appearance or other property expected for stoichiometric equivalence

Question 14

equivalence point

Answer 14

volume of titrant solution required to react completely with the analyte in a titration analysis; provides a stoichiometric amount of titrant for the sample’s analyte according to the titration reaction

Question 15

excess reactant

Answer 15

reactant present in an amount greater than required by the reaction stoichiometry

Question 16

gravimetric analysis

Answer 16

quantitative chemical analysis method involving the separation of an analyte from a sample by a physical or chemical process and subsequent mass measurements of the analyte, reaction product, and/or sample

Question 17

half-reaction

Answer 17

an equation that shows whether each reactant loses or gains electrons in a reaction

Question 18

indicator

Answer 18

substance added to the sample in a titration analysis to permit visual detection of the end point

Question 19

insoluble

Answer 19

of relatively low solubility; dissolving only to a slight extent

Question 20

limiting reactant

Answer 20

reactant present in an amount lower than required by the reaction stoichiometry, thus limiting the amount of product generated

Question 21

molecular equation

Answer 21

chemical equation in which all reactants and products are represented as neutral substances

Question 22

net ionic equation

Answer 22

chemical equation in which only those dissolved ionic reactants and products that undergo a chemical or physical change are represented (excludes spectator ions)

Question 23

neutralization reaction

Answer 23

reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water

Question 24

oxidation

Answer 24

process in which an element’s oxidation number is increased by loss of electrons

Question 25

oxidation number/oxidation state

Answer 25

the charge each atom of an element would have in a compound if the compound were ionic

Question 26

oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

Answer 26

reaction involving a change in oxidation number for one or more reactant elements

Question 27

oxidizing agent/oxidant

Answer 27

substance that brings about the oxidation of another substance, and in the process becomes reduced

Question 28

percent yield

Answer 28

measure of the efficiency of a reaction, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield

Question 29

precipitate

Answer 29

insoluble product that forms from reaction of soluble reactants

Question 30

precipitation reaction

Answer 30

reaction that produces one or more insoluble products; when reactants are ionic compounds, sometimes called double-displacement or metathesis

Question 31

product

Answer 31

substance formed by a chemical or physical change; shown on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation

Question 32

quantitative analysis

Answer 32

the determination of the amount or concentration of a substance in a sample

Question 33

reactant

Answer 33

substance undergoing a chemical or physical change; shown on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation

Question 34

reducing agent/reductant

Answer 34

substance that brings about the reduction of another substance, and in the process becomes oxidized

Question 35

reduction

Answer 35

process in which an element's oxidation number is decreased by gain of electrons

Question 36

salt

Answer 36

ionic compound that can be formed by the reaction of an acid with a base that contains a cation and an anion other than hydroxide or oxide

Question 37

single-displacement reaction

Answer 37

redox reaction involving the oxidation of an elemental substance by an ionic species

Question 38

solubility

Answer 38

the extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent

Question 39

soluble

Answer 39

of relatively high solubility; dissolving to a relatively large extent

Question 40

spectator ion

Answer 40

ion that does not undergo a chemical or physical change during a reaction, but its presence is required to maintain charge neutrality

Question 41

stoichiometric factor

Answer 41

ratio of coefficients in a balanced chemical equation, used in computations relating amounts of reactants and products

Question 42

stoichiometry

Answer 42

relationships between the amounts of reactants and products of a chemical reaction

Question 43

strong acid

Answer 43

acid that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions

Question 44

strong base

Answer 44

base that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions

Question 45

theoretical yield

Answer 45

amount of product that may be produced from a given amount of reactant(s) according to the reaction stoichiometry

Question 46

titrant

Answer 46

solution containing a known concentration of substance that will react with the analyte in a titration analysis

Question 47

titration analysis

Answer 47

quantitative chemical analysis method that involves measuring the volume of a reactant solution required to completely react with the analyte in a sample

Question 48

weak acid

Answer 48

acid that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions

Question 49

weak base

Answer 49

base that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions