Chapter 4 Flashcards
acid
substance that produces H3O+ when dissolved in water
acid-base reaction
reaction involving the transfer of a H ion between reactant species
actual yield
amount of product formed in a reaction
analyte
chemical species of interest
balanced equation
chemical equation with equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactant and product
base
substance that produces OH- when dissolved in water
buret
device used for the precise delivery of variable liquid volumes, such as in titration analysis
chemical equation
symbolic representation of a chemical reaction
coefficient
number placed in front of symbols or formulas in a chemical equation to indicate their relative amount
combustion analysis
gravimetric technique used to determine the elemental composition of a compound via the collection and weighing of its gaseous combustion products
combustion reaction
vigorous redox reaction producing significant amounts of energy in the form of heat and sometimes light
complete ionic equation
chemical equation in which all dissolved ionic reactants and products, including spectator ions, are explicitly represented by formulas for their dissociated ions
end point
measured volume of titrant solution that yields the change in sample solution appearance or other property expected for stoichiometric equivalence
equivalence point
volume of titrant solution required to react completely with the analyte in a titration analysis; provides a stoichiometric amount of titrant for the sample’s analyte according to the titration reaction
excess reactant
reactant present in an amount greater than required by the reaction stoichiometry
gravimetric analysis
quantitative chemical analysis method involving the separation of an analyte from a sample by a physical or chemical process and subsequent mass measurements of the analyte, reaction product, and/or sample
half-reaction
an equation that shows whether each reactant loses or gains electrons in a reaction
indicator
substance added to the sample in a titration analysis to permit visual detection of the end point
insoluble
of relatively low solubility; dissolving only to a slight extent
limiting reactant
reactant present in an amount lower than required by the reaction stoichiometry, thus limiting the amount of product generated
molecular equation
chemical equation in which all reactants and products are represented as neutral substances
net ionic equation
chemical equation in which only those dissolved ionic reactants and products that undergo a chemical or physical change are represented (excludes spectator ions)
neutralization reaction
reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water
oxidation
process in which an element’s oxidation number is increased by loss of electrons
oxidation number/oxidation state
the charge each atom of an element would have in a compound if the compound were ionic
oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction
reaction involving a change in oxidation number for one or more reactant elements
oxidizing agent/oxidant
substance that brings about the oxidation of another substance, and in the process becomes reduced
percent yield
measure of the efficiency of a reaction, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield
precipitate
insoluble product that forms from reaction of soluble reactants
precipitation reaction
reaction that produces one or more insoluble products; when reactants are ionic compounds, sometimes called double-displacement or metathesis
product
substance formed by a chemical or physical change; shown on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation
quantitative analysis
the determination of the amount or concentration of a substance in a sample
reactant
substance undergoing a chemical or physical change; shown on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation
reducing agent/reductant
substance that brings about the reduction of another substance, and in the process becomes oxidized
reduction
process in which an element’s oxidation number is decreased by gain of electrons
salt
ionic compound that can be formed by the reaction of an acid with a base that contains a cation and an anion other than hydroxide or oxide
single-displacement reaction
redox reaction involving the oxidation of an elemental substance by an ionic species
solubility
the extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent
soluble
of relatively high solubility; dissolving to a relatively large extent
spectator ion
ion that does not undergo a chemical or physical change during a reaction, but its presence is required to maintain charge neutrality
stoichiometric factor
ratio of coefficients in a balanced chemical equation, used in computations relating amounts of reactants and products
stoichiometry
relationships between the amounts of reactants and products of a chemical reaction
strong acid
acid that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions
strong base
base that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions
theoretical yield
amount of product that may be produced from a given amount of reactant(s) according to the reaction stoichiometry
titrant
solution containing a known concentration of substance that will react with the analyte in a titration analysis
titration analysis
quantitative chemical analysis method that involves measuring the volume of a reactant solution required to completely react with the analyte in a sample
weak acid
acid that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions
weak base
base that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions
