chapter 4

Question 1

exploration

Answer 1

investigates a new topic (purpose)

Question 2

description

Answer 2

observes and records, what where when and how (purpose)

Question 3

explanation

Answer 3

answer why? (purpose)

Question 4

correlation

Answer 4

observable association (nomothetic causality)

Question 5

time order

Answer 5

cause precedes effect (nomothetic causality)

Question 6

nonspuriousness

Answer 6

exclude third factors (nomothetic causality)

Question 7

necessary cause

Answer 7

condition must be present

Question 8

sufficient cause

Answer 8

condition guarantees effect

Question 9

units of analysis

Answer 9

who or what is being studies (individuals, groups)

Question 10

cross-sectional studies

Answer 10

studies conducted at a single point

Question 11

longitudinal studies

Answer 11

data collected over multiple points in time

Question 12

ecological fallacy

Answer 12

incorrectly assuming about individuals based on groups

Question 13

reductionism

Answer 13

narrowing the scope of explanation too much

Question 14

sociobiology

Answer 14

approach that behaviour is always caused by genes

Question 15

trend study

Answer 15

characteristic is monitored over time

Question 16

cohort study

Answer 16

same specific group over time (age)

Question 17

panel study

Answer 17

same people over time