Chapter 1

Question 1

epistemology

Answer 1

study of knowledge, investigating how we know what we know

Question 2

methodology

Answer 2

focused on methods for discovering knowledge; science of “finding out”
(branch of epistemology)

Question 3

causal reasoning

Answer 3

process of identifying cause-effect relationships, present shapes future

Question 4

probalistic reasoning

Answer 4

effects often following certain causes but not always; probability over certainty

Question 5

human inquiry

Answer 5

pursuit of understanding

Question 6

tradition (source of knowledge)

Answer 6

intherited cultural knowledge

Question 7

authority (source of knowledge)

Answer 7

knowledge accepted based on trust in experts

Question 8

inaccurate observations (error in human reasoning)

Answer 8

mistakes

Question 9

overgeneralization (error in human reasoning)

Answer 9

drawing broad conclusions from few instances

Question 10

selective observation (error in human reasoning)

Answer 10

focus on observations that support beliefs

Question 11

illogical reasoning (error in human reasoning)

Answer 11

incorrect assumptions or flawed logic

Question 12

pre-modern view

Answer 12

belief that one’s perception of reality is absolute

Question 13

modern view

Answer 13

acceptance that different people have diverse but legit views of reality

Question 14

post-modern view

Answer 14

acknowledges that reality is subjective shaped by individual povs and equal validity

Question 15

logic and observation

Answer 15

pillars of scientific inquiry

Question 16

theory, data collection, data analysis

Answer 16

primary aspects of ssr

Question 17

variable

Answer 17

logical groupings of attributes

Question 18

attribute

Answer 18

quality or characteristic

Question 19

social regularity

Answer 19

pattern in social life that is stable enough to study

Question 20

ideographic explanation

Answer 20

specific event

Question 21

nomothetic explanation

Answer 21

general

Question 22

induction

Answer 22

specific observation -> general

Question 23

deduction

Answer 23

general -> specific