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Normal Language Development > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a theory?

A

A descriptive statement or principle used to explain a group of facts or phenomena

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2
Q

Basic/theoretical research

A

Generating and refining an existing knowledge base

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3
Q

Applied research

A

Used to address specific issues in society and informs practices relevant to language development

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4
Q

What is use-inspired basic research?

A

Basic research that addresses the useful applications of research findings

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5
Q

What do speech perception studies do?

A

They help explain how children use speech perception to learn language (using auditory stimuli, heart rate/kicking, head turn, sucking)

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6
Q

What do language production studies do?

A

Examine children’s ability to use language expressively

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7
Q

What is normative research?

A

When experts compile data from multiple people on a certain aspect of language and then create a chart showing what time children generally meet a certain milestone

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8
Q

In observational studies…?

A

Researchers examine children’s language use in naturalistic or semiconstructed contexts

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9
Q

In experimental studies…?

A

Researchers actively manipulate the variables of interest

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10
Q

What are pseudowords?

A

Nonsense words used to assess children’s morphological or vocabulary skills

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11
Q

What do language comprehension studies do?

A

They examine what children understand about language

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12
Q

What are the questions that language theories should answer?

A
  1. What do infants bring to the task of language learning?
  2. What mechanisms drive language acquisition?
  3. What types of input support the language-learning system?
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13
Q

Attempt to explain how children learn their native language

A

Language development theories

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14
Q

Nurture-inspired theories

A

Argue that knowledge is gained through experience

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15
Q

Nature-inspired theories

A

Argue that knowledge is innate and genetically transmitted

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16
Q

Behaviorist theory (Skinner)

A

Learning is the result of operant conditioning - behaviors that are reinforced are strengthened, and behaviors that are punished become suppressed

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17
Q

Universal Grammar (Chomsky)

A

Describes the system of grammatical rules and constraints that are consistent in all world languages; language acquisition device

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18
Q

What is a language acquisition device?

A

A language-learning module

19
Q

What is linguistic competence?

A

The implicit knowledge that children have about language

20
Q

What is linguistic performance?

A

The actual comprehension and production of language in specific situations

21
Q

Modularity theory (Fodor)

A

Emphasizes the organization of cognition within the brain in a series of highly specified modules

22
Q

Syntactic bootstrapping

A

Children use syntactic frams surrounding unknown verbs to successfully constrain or limit the possible meanings of the verbs

23
Q

Semantic bootstrapping

A

Children deduce grammatical structures by using word meanings they acquire through observation

24
Q

Prosodic bootstrapping

A

Infants use sensitivity to prosody (the acoustic properties of speech such as pitch, rhythm, pauses, stress) to make inferences about language

25
Q

Interactionist theories

A

State that language is developed through both nature and nurture-related factors

26
Q

Social-interactionist theory (Vygotsky)

A

Children learn language through social interactions

27
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

The difference between a child’s actual developmental level and their potential level of development

28
Q

Cognitive theory (Piaget)

A

States that there are stages of development, and one stage must be achieved before a child can move on to the next stage

29
Q

Intentionality model

A

Abilities in language, emotional expression, cognition, social interaction, and play develop in tandem, and children must be intentional to acquire language

30
Q

What is intention reading?

A

A child’s ability to recognize the intentions and mental states of others

31
Q

Usage-based theory

A

Emphasizes the social nature of language for language development

32
Q

What are cognitive principles?

A

The ideas governing language processing and automaticity and the role of rewards the speaker gains through language use

33
Q

What are affective principles?

A

The individual’s confidence with language learning and propensity to take risks with language

34
Q

What are linguistic principles?

A

The role of a native language facilitating or interfering with second language acquisition

35
Q

What is the audiolingual method?

A

A method of teaching English as a second language that emphasizes imitation, repetition, and memorization to create automatic and habitual language responses

36
Q

What is the silent way?

A

A method of teaching English as a second language that emphasizes the importance of allowing students to generate hypotheses about language rules, to apply the rules, and discover errors

37
Q

What is prevention?

A

To inhibit language difficulties from emerging

38
Q

What is enrichment?

A

The process through which teachers, clinicians, and other adults provide children, adolescents, and adults with an enhanced language-learning environment (anything one can do to enhance their language learning)

39
Q

What do brain imaging studies allow?

A

MRIs allow researchers to conduct direct, real-time investigations of speech perception by identifying the exact areas of the brain where speech perception occurs

40
Q

What is evidence-based practice?

A

Practice that involves integrating theoretical knowledge with scientific inquiry to inform decision-making (using scientific evidence)

41
Q

What does fast-mapping measure?

A

How fast children learn words

42
Q

What is the critical period?

A

Birth to five years old

43
Q
A

Normal Language Development (7 decks)

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