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Normal Language Development > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define language

A

A “complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication”

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2
Q

The translation of one kind of information into another using symbols

A

Code

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3
Q

Smallest units of language that carry meaning

A

Morphemes

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4
Q

The relationship between a word and its referent is…?

A

Arbitrary

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5
Q

What are the four characteristics of language?

A

Language is a system of symbols/code, conventional, dynamic, and a tool for human communication

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6
Q

The process of sharing information among two or more people

A

Communication

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7
Q

What is modularity?

A

A cognitive science theory that questions whether the brain is composed of several different modules or is itself a module

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8
Q

A specialized problem-solving device in the brain

A

A module

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9
Q

What are the types of modules?

A

Domain specific modules: can process specific types of information

Domain general modules: can carry out more general tasks such as memory and reasoning

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10
Q

The neuromuscular process by which language is turned into a sound signal and transmitted to a receiver

A

Speech

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11
Q

What are the four systems of speech?

A

Respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation

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12
Q

What are the four acoustic events involved in the transmission and reception of speech?

A
  1. Creation of a sound source
  2. Vibration of air particles
  3. Reception by the ear
  4. Comprehension by the brain
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13
Q

What is auditory overshadowing?

A

When children have a preference for auditory information (as compared to visual)

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14
Q

Define coarticulation

A

Phonemes overlapping during phonemic production

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15
Q

What are the four processes involved in communication?

A

Formulation, transmission, reception, and comprehension

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16
Q

Define pre-intentional communication

A

Other people assume a relationship between a communicative behavior and its referent (a baby’s cry)

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17
Q

Define intentional communication

A

The relationship between the communicative behavior and referent is not arbitrary

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18
Q

Three reasons to communicate:

A

To request, to reject, or to comment

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19
Q

What is linguistic feedback?

A

Verbalized/spoken feedback

20
Q

What is non/extralinguistic feedback?

A

The use of eye contact, posture, facial expression, proximity, etc.

21
Q

What is paralinguistic feedback?

A

Using vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, and pausing

22
Q

What is the primary purpose of communication?

A

To provide and solicit feedback

23
Q

What are the major domains of language?

A

Form, content, and use

24
Q

How words, sentences, and sound are organized and arranged to convey meaning

A

Form

25
Q

The words used and their meaning

A

Content

26
Q

How people draw on language functionally to meet needs

A

Use

27
Q

Our vocabulary system is also known as…?

A

Lexicon

28
Q

What is contextualized language vs decontextualized language?

A

Contextualized language focuses on the immediate context, whereas decontextualized language has little or no context provided

29
Q

What are the five components of language?

A

Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics

30
Q

What is phonology?

A

The rules of language governing the sounds that make syllables and words

31
Q

What is syntax?

A

The rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences

32
Q

What is morphology?

A

The rules of language governing the internal organization of words

33
Q

What is semantics?

A

The rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations

34
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

The rules of language governing language use for social purposes

35
Q

What are the remarkable features of language?

A

Acquisition rate, universality, species specificity, semanticity, and productivity

36
Q

What is universality?

A

The idea that all people learn language using the same processes and cognitive infrastructure

37
Q

What is species specificity?

A

The idea that the complexity of human language far exceeds the language of any other animal

38
Q

What does semanticity allow?

A

Semanticity allows people to represent decontextualized events (share past or previous events)

39
Q

What is productivity?

A

The idea that we can endlessly create using the same small number of units of language

40
Q

Define language differences

A

The variability among language users

41
Q

Define dialect

A

The natural variations of a language that evolve within specific cultural or geographic boundaries

42
Q

What is code-switching?

A

Interchanges between the syntax and vocabulary of two languages

43
Q

What is simultaneous vs sequential bilinguism?

A

Simultaneous bilinguism is when two languages are acquired at the same time, and sequential bilinguism is when one language is acquired first, and the second one later

44
Q

What is associated with accelerated rates of language development?

A

Higher caregiver responsiveness

45
Q

What is the most common type of communication impairment in children?

A

Specific language impairment (SLI)

46
Q

What percentage of children are affected by SLI?

A

7-10%

47
Q
A

Normal Language Development (10 decks)

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